Assessment as learning: blurring the boundaries of assessment and learning for theory, policy and practice

This paper explores assessment and learning in a way that blurs their boundaries. The notion of assessment as learning (AaL) is offered as an aspect of formative assessment (assessment for learning). It considers how pupils self-regulate their own learning, and in so doing make complex decisions about how they use feedback and engage with the learning priorities of the classroom. Discussion is framed from a sociocultural stance, yet challenges some of the perspectives that have widely become accepted. It offers three new views to help explore the concept of AaL: understanding feedback; understanding the learning gap; and exploring vocabularies of assessment. Pragmatically, the ideas examined suggest that teachers may need to consider less about focused and directive feedback, but more about how learners interpret and understand feedback from their self-regulatory and self-productive identities and how vocabularies for assessment can be more collaboratively shared in learning contexts.

[1]  T. Gog,et al.  Training self-assessment and task-selection skills: A cognitive approach to improving self-regulated learning , 2012 .

[2]  L. Earl,et al.  Assessment as Learning: Using Classroom Assessment to Maximize Student Learning , 2003 .

[3]  E. Fox,et al.  Metacognition and Self-Regulation in James, Piaget, and Vygotsky , 2008 .

[4]  J. Wertsch The Concept of Activity in Soviet Psychology , 1981 .

[5]  L. Vygotsky Genesis of the higher mental functions. , 1991 .

[6]  E. Wenger Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity , 1998 .

[7]  D. Nicol,et al.  Formative assessment and self‐regulated learning: a model and seven principles of good feedback practice , 2006 .

[8]  Ruth Dann,et al.  Promoting Assessment as Learning: Improving the Learning Process , 2002 .

[9]  P. Pintrich The role of goal orientation in self-regulated learning. , 2000 .

[10]  Harry Torrance,et al.  Formative assessment at the crossroads: conformative, deformative and transformative assessment , 2012 .

[11]  John Hattie,et al.  Assessment and Classroom Learning: a deductive approach , 1998 .

[12]  M. Drummond Children, their World, their Education: Final Report and Recommendations of the Cambridge Primary Review† , 2010 .

[13]  B. Zimmerman,et al.  Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: Theory, research, and practice. , 1989 .

[14]  A. Lefstein More Helpful as Problem than Solution: Some Implications of Situating Dialogue in Classrooms , 2010 .

[15]  D. Sadler,et al.  Formative Assessment: revisiting the territory , 1998 .

[16]  Harry Torrance Assessment as learning? How the use of explicit learning objectives, assessment criteria and feedback in post‐secondary education and training can come to dominate learning. 1 , 2007 .

[17]  J. Habermas The Theory of Communicative Action: Reason and the Rationalization of Society , 1986 .

[18]  Caroline Gipps,et al.  Learning: The pupil's voice , 2000 .

[19]  Henry A. Giroux Pedagogy And The Politics Of Hope: Theory, Culture, And Schooling: A Critical Reader , 1997 .

[20]  Karen Littleton,et al.  Educational dialogues : understanding and promoting productive interaction , 2010 .

[21]  D. Berlyne Conflict, arousal, and curiosity , 2014 .

[22]  H. I. Day,et al.  Curiosity and the Interested Explorer. , 1982 .

[23]  Etienne Wenger,et al.  Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity , 1998 .

[24]  P. Black,et al.  Assessment and Classroom Learning , 1998 .

[25]  R. Dann Be curious: understanding ‘curiosity’ in contemporary curriculum policy and practice , 2013 .

[26]  A. Read,et al.  ‘I know how to read longer novels’ – developing pupils' success criteria in the classroom , 2010 .

[27]  Kelvin Tan Meanings and practices of power in academics’ conceptions of student self-assessment , 2009 .

[28]  E. Hargreaves Inquiring into children’s experiences of teacher feedback: reconceptualising Assessment for Learning , 2013 .

[29]  Paul Black,et al.  Learning How to Learn and Assessment for Learning: a theoretical inquiry , 2006 .

[30]  Bronwen Cowie Pupil commentary on assessment for learning , 2005 .

[31]  Roseanna Bourke,et al.  Using activity theory to evaluate a professional learning and development initiative in the use of narrative assessment , 2013 .

[32]  L. A. Hausman How we Think , 1921 .

[33]  E. Wenger,et al.  Legitimate Peripheral Participation , 1991 .

[34]  Y. Engeström,et al.  Expansive Learning at Work: Toward an activity theoretical reconceptualization , 2001 .

[35]  B. Crossouard Using formative assessment to support complex learning in conditions of social adversity , 2011 .

[36]  D. Sadler Formative assessment and the design of instructional systems , 1989 .

[37]  Matthew E. Poehner,et al.  The Zone of Proximal Development and the Genesis of Self-Assessment , 2012 .

[38]  C. Benson Teachers on Standards. , 2001 .

[39]  P. Silcock Should the Cambridge primary review be wedded to Vygotsky? , 2013 .

[40]  Ian Menter,et al.  Children, their world, their education: final report and recommendations of the Cambridge Primary Review , 2009 .

[41]  Bethan Marshall,et al.  How teachers engage with Assessment for Learning: lessons from the classroom , 2006 .

[42]  L. Vygotsky Interaction between learning and development , 1978 .

[43]  B. Crossouard A sociocultural reflection on formative assessment and collaborative challenges in the states of Jersey , 2009 .

[44]  T. Englund Deliberative communication: a pragmatist proposal , 2006 .

[45]  N. Mercer,et al.  Dialogue and the Development of Children's Thinking: A Sociocultural Approach , 2007 .

[46]  Philippe Perrenoud,et al.  From Formative Evaluation to a Controlled Regulation of Learning Processes. Towards a wider conceptual field , 1998 .

[47]  Stella Maris Vázquez,et al.  Self-regulated learning and academic achievement , 2013 .

[48]  L. S. Vygotskiĭ,et al.  Mind in society : the development of higher psychological processes , 1978 .