A Pixel‐Based Framework for Data‐Driven Clothing

We propose a novel approach to learning cloth deformation as a function of body pose, recasting the graph‐like triangle mesh data structure into image‐based data in order to leverage popular and well‐developed convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in a two‐dimensional Euclidean domain. Then, a three‐dimensional animation of clothing is equivalent to a sequence of two‐dimensional RGB images driven/choreographed by time dependent joint angles. In order to reduce nonlinearity demands on the neural network, we utilize procedural skinning of the body surface to capture much of the rotation/deformation so that the RGB images only contain textures of displacement offsets from skin to clothing. Notably, we illustrate that our approach does not require accurate unclothed body shapes or robust skinning techniques. Additionally, we discuss how standard image based techniques such as image partitioning for higher resolution can readily be incorporated into our framework.

[1]  Karthik Ramani,et al.  SurfNet: Generating 3D Shape Surfaces Using Deep Residual Networks , 2017, 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[2]  Mihriban Whitmore,et al.  NASA-STD-3001, Space Flight Human-System Standard and the Human Integration Design Handbook , 2012 .

[3]  Kaiming He,et al.  Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[4]  John P. Lewis,et al.  Pose Space Deformation: A Unified Approach to Shape Interpolation and Skeleton-Driven Deformation , 2000, SIGGRAPH.

[5]  Geoffrey E. Hinton,et al.  ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks , 2012, Commun. ACM.

[6]  Chenfanfu Jiang,et al.  The affine particle-in-cell method , 2015, ACM Trans. Graph..

[7]  Adam W. Bargteil,et al.  Physics-inspired upsampling for cloth simulation in games , 2011, SIGGRAPH 2011.

[8]  Michael J. Black,et al.  ClothCap , 2017, ACM Trans. Graph..

[9]  G. G. Stokes "J." , 1890, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[10]  Pascal Fua,et al.  GarNet: A Two-Stream Network for Fast and Accurate 3D Cloth Draping , 2018, 2019 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV).

[11]  Nancy Argüelles,et al.  Author ' s , 2008 .

[12]  Peter-Pike J. Sloan,et al.  Physics-inspired upsampling for cloth simulation in games , 2011, ACM Trans. Graph..

[13]  James F. Blinn,et al.  Simulation of wrinkled surfaces , 1978, SIGGRAPH.

[14]  Trevor Darrell,et al.  Fully Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentation , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[15]  Ronald Fedkiw,et al.  Recovering Geometric Information with Learned Texture Perturbations , 2020, Proc. ACM Comput. Graph. Interact. Tech..

[16]  Adrian Hilton,et al.  A Layered Model of Human Body and Garment Deformation , 2014, 2014 2nd International Conference on 3D Vision.

[17]  Edilson de Aguiar,et al.  Stable spaces for real-time clothing , 2010, ACM Trans. Graph..

[18]  Ronald Fedkiw,et al.  Fully automatic generation of anatomical face simulation models , 2015, Symposium on Computer Animation.

[19]  Dinesh K. Pai,et al.  EigenSkin: real time large deformation character skinning in hardware , 2002, SCA '02.

[20]  Larry S. Davis,et al.  VITON: An Image-Based Virtual Try-on Network , 2017, 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[21]  Jimmy Ba,et al.  Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization , 2014, ICLR.

[22]  Jessica K. Hodgins,et al.  Real-time skeletal skinning with optimized centers of rotation , 2016, ACM Trans. Graph..

[23]  F BlinnJames Simulation of wrinkled surfaces , 1978 .

[24]  James A. Sethian,et al.  Level Set Methods and Fast Marching Methods: Evolving Interfaces in Computational Geometry, Fluid , 2012 .

[25]  Ronald Fedkiw,et al.  Coercing Machine Learning to Output Physically Accurate Results , 2020, J. Comput. Phys..

[26]  Michael J. Black,et al.  DRAPE , 2012, ACM Trans. Graph..

[27]  Ronald Fedkiw,et al.  Simulation of clothing with folds and wrinkles , 2003, SCA '03.

[28]  Michael J. Black,et al.  SMPL: A Skinned Multi-Person Linear Model , 2023 .

[29]  Jinlong Yang,et al.  Analyzing Clothing Layer Deformation Statistics of 3D Human Motions , 2018, ECCV.

[30]  Matthias Müller,et al.  Wrinkle meshes , 2010, SCA '10.

[31]  W. Marsden I and J , 2012 .

[32]  Guillermo Sapiro,et al.  Image inpainting , 2000, SIGGRAPH.

[33]  Ming-Hsuan Yang,et al.  Generative Face Completion , 2017, 2017 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[34]  Sebastian Thrun,et al.  SCAPE: shape completion and animation of people , 2005, SIGGRAPH '05.

[35]  Lin Gao,et al.  Variational Autoencoders for Deforming 3D Mesh Models , 2017, 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[36]  Nobuyuki Umetani,et al.  Sensitivity-optimized rigging for example-based real-time clothing synthesis , 2014, ACM Trans. Graph..

[37]  Robert L. Cook,et al.  Shade trees , 1984, SIGGRAPH.

[38]  Chaitanya Patel,et al.  TailorNet: Predicting Clothing in 3D as a Function of Human Pose, Shape and Garment Style , 2020, 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[39]  Jian Sun,et al.  Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition , 2015, 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR).

[40]  Luca Antiga,et al.  Automatic differentiation in PyTorch , 2017 .

[41]  Cyrus A. Wilson,et al.  Delta Mush: smoothing deformations while preserving detail , 2014, DigiPro '14.

[42]  Joan Bruna,et al.  Deep Convolutional Networks on Graph-Structured Data , 2015, ArXiv.

[43]  Thomas S. Huang,et al.  Generative Image Inpainting with Contextual Attention , 2018, 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[44]  Nuttapong Chentanez,et al.  Long range attachments - a method to simulate inextensible clothing in computer games , 2012, SCA '12.

[45]  Marie-Paule Cani,et al.  Anatomy transfer , 2013, ACM Trans. Graph..

[46]  Jirí Zára,et al.  Spherical blend skinning: a real-time deformation of articulated models , 2005, I3D '05.

[47]  Anna Hilsmann,et al.  Tracking and Retexturing Cloth for Real-Time Virtual Clothing Applications , 2009, MIRAGE.

[48]  James F. Blinn,et al.  Texture and reflection in computer generated images , 1976, CACM.

[49]  Olga Sorkine-Hornung,et al.  Stretchable and Twistable Bones for Skeletal Shape Deformation , 2011, ACM Trans. Graph..

[50]  Mark Meyer,et al.  Subspace clothing simulation using adaptive bases , 2014, ACM Trans. Graph..

[51]  Edilson de Aguiar,et al.  Efficient Multi-view Performance Capture of Fine-Scale Surface Detail , 2014, 2014 2nd International Conference on 3D Vision.

[52]  Xavier Bresson,et al.  Convolutional Neural Networks on Graphs with Fast Localized Spectral Filtering , 2016, NIPS.

[53]  James F. O'Brien,et al.  Fast and deep deformation approximations , 2018, ACM Trans. Graph..

[54]  Jirí Zára,et al.  Skinning with dual quaternions , 2007, SI3D.

[55]  Thomas Brox,et al.  U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation , 2015, MICCAI.

[56]  Edwin Earl Catmull,et al.  A subdivision algorithm for computer display of curved surfaces. , 1974 .

[57]  Andrew Zisserman,et al.  Very Deep Convolutional Networks for Large-Scale Image Recognition , 2014, ICLR.

[58]  Ken-ichi Anjyo,et al.  Practice and Theory of Blendshape Facial Models , 2014, Eurographics.

[59]  Lin Wang,et al.  Garment modeling with a depth camera , 2015, ACM Trans. Graph..

[60]  Ronald Fedkiw,et al.  Robust treatment of collisions, contact and friction for cloth animation , 2002, SIGGRAPH Courses.

[61]  Alex M. Andrew,et al.  Level Set Methods and Fast Marching Methods: Evolving Interfaces in Computational Geometry, Fluid Mechanics, Computer Vision, and Materials Science (2nd edition) , 2000 .

[62]  Xi Zhou,et al.  Joint 3D Face Reconstruction and Dense Alignment with Position Map Regression Network , 2018, ECCV.

[63]  Daniel Cremers,et al.  DeepWrinkles: Accurate and Realistic Clothing Modeling , 2018, ECCV.

[64]  Andrew P. Witkin,et al.  Untangling cloth , 2003, ACM Trans. Graph..

[65]  Tsuneya Kurihara,et al.  Modeling deformable human hands from medical images , 2004, SCA '04.

[66]  James F. O'Brien,et al.  Near-exhaustive precomputation of secondary cloth effects , 2013, ACM Trans. Graph..

[67]  Matthias Müller,et al.  Position based dynamics , 2007, J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent..

[68]  Pierre Vandergheynst,et al.  Geometric Deep Learning: Going beyond Euclidean data , 2016, IEEE Signal Process. Mag..

[69]  Niloy J. Mitra,et al.  Learning a shared shape space for multimodal garment design , 2018, ACM Trans. Graph..

[70]  Zoran Popovic,et al.  Articulated body deformation from range scan data , 2002, SIGGRAPH.

[71]  Paul S. Heckbert,et al.  Survey of Texture Mapping , 1986, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[72]  Michael J. Black,et al.  Coregistration: Simultaneous Alignment and Modeling of Articulated 3D Shape , 2012, ECCV.

[73]  Karthik Ramani,et al.  Deep Learning 3D Shape Surfaces Using Geometry Images , 2016, ECCV.

[74]  Daniel Thalmann,et al.  Joint-dependent local deformations for hand animation and object grasping , 1989 .

[75]  James F. O'Brien,et al.  Example-based wrinkle synthesis for clothing animation , 2010, ACM Trans. Graph..

[76]  Joan Bruna,et al.  Spectral Networks and Locally Connected Networks on Graphs , 2013, ICLR.

[77]  Markus H. Gross,et al.  DeepGarment : 3D Garment Shape Estimation from a Single Image , 2017, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[78]  Yoshua Bengio,et al.  Generative Adversarial Nets , 2014, NIPS.

[79]  Miguel A. Otaduy,et al.  Learning‐Based Animation of Clothing for Virtual Try‐On , 2019, Comput. Graph. Forum.

[80]  Pierre Vandergheynst,et al.  Geodesic Convolutional Neural Networks on Riemannian Manifolds , 2015, 2015 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshop (ICCVW).

[81]  Angela Barbanente Skin them bones: game programming for the web generation , 1998 .

[82]  M. Pauline Baker,et al.  Computer Graphics 2nd Ed , 2008 .

[83]  George Papagiannakis,et al.  Modeling of bodies and clothes for virtual environments , 2004, 2004 International Conference on Cyberworlds.

[84]  Ronald Fedkiw,et al.  Inequality cloth , 2017, Symposium on Computer Animation.

[85]  L. Margolin Introduction to “An Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian Computing Method for All Flow Speeds” , 1997 .