Computer-aided protocol analysis of writing processes

With increased interest in process analysis of writing has come an expanded role for computers. Records of written and verbal protocols are made by capturing keystrokes and speech, playing them back on videotape, and then coding, second by second, the duration, frequency, and effort of various writing subprocesses as they unfold. In this paper we introduce a new approach to analyzing think-aloud and resource allocation protocols in writing research and describe how analyses of them can add to current models of writing.

[1]  K. A. Ericsson,et al.  Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data , 1984 .

[2]  Sarah Ellen Ransdell,et al.  Writing as process and product: The impact of tool, genre, audience knowledge, and writer expertise , 1994 .

[3]  R. T. Kellogg.  Attentional overload and writing performance: effects of rough draft and outline strategies , 1988 .

[4]  Arthur C. Graesser,et al.  A three-pronged method for studying inference generation in literary text , 1991 .

[5]  John R. Anderson.  Methodologies for studying human knowledge , 1987, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[6]  Penelope M. Sanderson,et al.  Handling complex real-world data with two cognitive engineering tools: COGENT and MacSHAPA , 1994 .

[7]  R. T. Kellogg.  Effects of topic knowledge on the allocation of processing time and cognitive effort to writing processes , 1987, Memory & cognition.

[8]  Penelope M. Sanderson,et al.  Heuristic and statistical support for protocol analysis with SHAPA Version 2.01 , 1991 .

[9]  Hayes.  identifying the organization of wi iiing processes , 1980 .

[10]  M. Scardamalia,et al.  The psychology of written composition , 1987 .

[11]  Robert J. Crutcher,et al.  Improving the encoding of verbal reports by using MPAS: A computer-aided encoding system , 1994 .

[12]  K. A. Ericsson,et al.  Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data, Rev. ed. , 1993 .

[13]  T. Trabasso,et al.  Inferences during Reading: Converging Evidence from Discourse Analysis, Talk-Aloud Protocols, and Recognition Priming , 1993 .