Is There Enough Evidence for Osteosarcopenic Obesity as a Distinct Entity? A Critical Literature Review

[1]  J. Ilich,et al.  Micronutrient Intake in the Etiology, Prevention and Treatment of Osteosarcopenic Obesity. , 2016, Current aging science.

[2]  J. Kaufman,et al.  Influence of some biological indexes on sex hormone-binding globulin and androgen levels in aging or obese males. , 1996, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[3]  L. Fried,et al.  Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. , 2001, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[4]  M. Siervo,et al.  Osteosarcopenic obesity: the role of bone, muscle, and fat on health , 2014, Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle.

[5]  F. Blyth,et al.  Does Combined Osteopenia/Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia Confer Greater Risk of Falls and Fracture Than Either Condition Alone in Older Men? The Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project. , 2018, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[6]  A. Kenny,et al.  Self‐Reported Dietary Intake of Omega‐3 Fatty Acids and Association with Bone and Lower Extremity Function , 2009, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[7]  I. Olkin,et al.  Systematic Review: The Safety and Efficacy of Growth Hormone in the Healthy Elderly , 2007, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[8]  V. Fulgoni,et al.  Comparison of Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intake Based on Body Weight Status of Adults in the United States: An Analysis of NHANES 2001–2008 , 2015, Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

[9]  J. Zhan,et al.  Sarco-Osteoporosis: Prevalence and Association with Frailty in Chinese Community-Dwelling Older Adults , 2015, International journal of endocrinology.

[10]  N. Mokbel,et al.  Therapies for Musculoskeletal Disease: Can we Treat Two Birds with One Stone? , 2014, Current Osteoporosis Reports.

[11]  D. Corella,et al.  Influence of a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern on Body Fat Distribution: Results of the PREDIMED–Canarias Intervention Randomized Trial , 2016, Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

[12]  L. Panton,et al.  Interrelationship among muscle, fat, and bone: Connecting the dots on cellular, hormonal, and whole body levels , 2014, Ageing Research Reviews.

[13]  A. Silman,et al.  Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis disruptions in older men are differentially linked to age and modifiable risk factors: the European Male Aging Study. , 2008, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[14]  J. Cauley,et al.  Low Testosterone, but Not Estradiol, Is Associated With Incident Falls in Older Men: The International MrOS Study , 2017, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[15]  M. Cesari,et al.  Sarcopenia: an overview , 2017, Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.

[16]  L. Ferrucci,et al.  Hyperglycemia Predicts Persistently Lower Muscle Strength With Aging , 2014, Diabetes Care.

[17]  Claus Christiansen,et al.  Diagnosis of Osteoporosis , 1992, Southern medical journal.

[18]  R. McCARTER,et al.  The influence of age on the 24-hour integrated concentration of growth hormone in normal individuals. , 1985, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[19]  J. Sorkin,et al.  Growth hormone and sex steroid administration in healthy aged women and men: a randomized controlled trial. , 2002 .

[20]  A. Lenzi,et al.  Effects of testosterone on body composition, bone metabolism and serum lipid profile in middle‐aged men: a meta‐analysis , 2005, Clinical endocrinology.

[21]  P. Donnan,et al.  Leucine and ACE inhibitors as therapies for sarcopenia (LACE trial): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial , 2018, Trials.

[22]  R. Wallace,et al.  Risk of Fracture in Women with Sarcopenia, Low Bone Mass, or Both , 2017, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[23]  Stuart M Phillips,et al.  Protein ingestion to stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis requires greater relative protein intakes in healthy older versus younger men. , 2014, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[24]  J. Ilich,et al.  The Microbiome and Osteosarcopenic Obesity in Older Individuals in Long-Term Care Facilities , 2015, Current Osteoporosis Reports.

[25]  G. Chrousos,et al.  Healthy overweight/obese youth: early osteosarcopenic obesity features , 2016, European journal of clinical investigation.

[26]  T. Travison,et al.  Risks and benefits of testosterone therapy in older men , 2013, Nature Reviews Endocrinology.

[27]  C. Szlejf,et al.  Osteosarcopenic Obesity: Prevalence and Relation With Frailty and Physical Performance in Middle-Aged and Older Women. , 2017, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.

[28]  N. Delzenne,et al.  Muscle wasting: the gut microbiota as a new therapeutic target? , 2013, The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology.

[29]  Ana Paula Lirani-Galvão,et al.  Physical exercise and osteoporosis: effects of different types of exercises on bone and physical function of postmenopausal women. , 2014, Arquivos brasileiros de endocrinologia e metabologia.

[30]  K. Beattie,et al.  Relationships between fatty infiltration in the thigh and calf in women with knee osteoarthritis , 2017, Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.

[31]  A. Van Gossum,et al.  Sarcopenic Obesity: Time to Meet the Challenge , 2018, Obesity Facts.

[32]  H. Hwang,et al.  Association between Sarcopenic Obesity and Bone Mineral Density in Middle-Aged and Elderly Korean , 2015, Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism.

[33]  C. Zetterberg,et al.  The Effects of MK‐0677, an Oral Growth Hormone Secretagogue, in Patients with Hip Fracture , 2004, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[34]  T. Travison,et al.  The Vitality, Independence, and Vigor in the Elderly 2 Study (VIVE2): Design and methods. , 2015, Contemporary clinical trials.

[35]  A. Mani,et al.  New targets to treat obesity and the metabolic syndrome. , 2015, European journal of pharmacology.

[36]  J. Ilich,et al.  Osteosarcopenic Obesity Syndrome: What Is It and How Can It Be Identified and Diagnosed? , 2016, Current gerontology and geriatrics research.

[37]  D. Houston,et al.  Dietary protein intake is associated with lean mass change in older, community-dwelling adults: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. , 2008, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[38]  M. Cesari,et al.  Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group. , 2013, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.

[39]  M. Mcmurdo,et al.  Effect of perindopril on physical function in elderly people with functional impairment: a randomized controlled trial , 2007, Canadian Medical Association Journal.

[40]  D. Beckwée,et al.  Pharmacological Interventions to Improve Muscle Mass, Muscle Strength and Physical Performance in Older People: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses , 2018, Drugs & Aging.

[41]  Ge Zhang,et al.  Molecular Communication from Skeletal Muscle to Bone: A Review for Muscle-Derived Myokines Regulating Bone Metabolism , 2017, Calcified Tissue International.

[42]  S. Bartels,et al.  Variation in the Prevalence of Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity in Older Adults Associated with Different Research Definitions: Dual‐Energy X‐Ray Absorptiometry Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004 , 2013, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[43]  L. Tankó,et al.  Effect of bimagrumab on thigh muscle volume and composition in men with casting‐induced atrophy , 2017, Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle.

[44]  M. Drey,et al.  Osteosarcopenia is more than sarcopenia and osteopenia alone , 2015, Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.

[45]  A. Karlamangla,et al.  Relative muscle mass is inversely associated with insulin resistance and prediabetes. Findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. , 2011, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[46]  J. Reginster,et al.  Antiresorptive Drugs Beyond Bisphosphonates and Selective Oestrogen Receptor Modulators for the Management of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis , 2014, Drugs & Aging.

[47]  C. Cooper,et al.  Sarcopenia in daily practice: assessment and management , 2016, BMC Geriatrics.

[48]  C. Cooper,et al.  Frailty and sarcopenia: definitions and outcome parameters , 2012, Osteoporosis International.

[49]  J. Cauley,et al.  Risk of Nonspine Fractures in Older Adults with Sarcopenia, Low Bone Mass, or Both , 2015, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[50]  Stuart M Phillips,et al.  Leucine supplementation enhances integrative myofibrillar protein synthesis in free-living older men consuming lower- and higher-protein diets: a parallel-group crossover study. , 2016, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[51]  D. Rudman,et al.  Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. , 1990, The New England journal of medicine.

[52]  L. Donini,et al.  Effects of a vitamin D and leucine-enriched whey protein nutritional supplement on measures of sarcopenia in older adults, the PROVIDE study: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. , 2015, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.

[53]  P. Chan,et al.  Waist circumference is a better predictor of risk for frailty than BMI in the community-dwelling elderly in Beijing , 2018, Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.

[54]  S. Galloway,et al.  Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Skeletal Muscle Health , 2015, Marine drugs.

[55]  Y. Ha,et al.  Osteosarcopenia in Patients with Hip Fracture Is Related with High Mortality , 2017, Journal of Korean medical science.

[56]  Joel A. Gross,et al.  Association of Radiologic Indicators of Frailty With 1-Year Mortality in Older Trauma Patients: Opportunistic Screening for Sarcopenia and Osteopenia , 2017, JAMA surgery.

[57]  P. B. Eveleth,et al.  Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee , 1996 .

[58]  G. Bahat,et al.  Suggestions on sarcopenia-related trials , 2016, Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.

[59]  A. Kalinkovich,et al.  Sarcopenic obesity or obese sarcopenia: A cross talk between age-associated adipose tissue and skeletal muscle inflammation as a main mechanism of the pathogenesis , 2017, Ageing Research Reviews.

[60]  J. Gallagher,et al.  Prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis , 2014, The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.

[61]  H. E. Andersen,et al.  Sarcopenia and osteoporosis in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis , 2018, European Geriatric Medicine.

[62]  J. Praestgaard,et al.  Treatment of Sarcopenia with Bimagrumab: Results from a Phase II, Randomized, Controlled, Proof‐of‐Concept Study , 2017, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[63]  T. Travison,et al.  Risks and benefits of testosterone therapy in older men. , 2013, Nature reviews. Endocrinology.

[64]  W. Frontera,et al.  Muscle power failure in mobility-limited older adults: preserved single fiber function despite lower whole muscle size, quality and rate of neuromuscular activation , 2011, European Journal of Applied Physiology.

[65]  R. Baumgartner,et al.  Sarcopenic obesity predicts instrumental activities of daily living disability in the elderly. , 2004, Obesity research.

[66]  S. Davis,et al.  Androgen levels in adult females: changes with age, menopause, and oophorectomy. , 2005, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[67]  G. Ostir,et al.  Androgen Treatment and Muscle Strength in Elderly Men: A Meta‐Analysis , 2006, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[68]  Robert Ross,et al.  Low Relative Skeletal Muscle Mass (Sarcopenia) in Older Persons Is Associated with Functional Impairment and Physical Disability , 2002, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[69]  S. Perna,et al.  Osteosarcopenic Visceral Obesity and Osteosarcopenic Subcutaneous Obesity, Two New Phenotypes of Sarcopenia: Prevalence, Metabolic Profile, and Risk Factors , 2018, Journal of aging research.

[70]  T. Travison,et al.  Effects of Testosterone Supplementation for 3 Years on Muscle Performance and Physical Function in Older Men , 2016, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[71]  S. Going,et al.  Association between body composition and hip fractures in older women with physical frailty , 2017, Geriatrics & gerontology international.

[72]  T. Travison,et al.  Effect of structured physical activity and nutritional supplementation on physical function in mobility-limited older adults: Results from the VIVE2 randomized trial , 2017, The journal of nutrition, health & aging.

[73]  Maren S Fragala,et al.  The FNIH Sarcopenia Project: Rationale, Study Description, Conference Recommendations, and Final Estimates , 2014, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[74]  Effects of Testosterone Treatment in Older Men. , 2018, The New England journal of medicine.

[75]  H. Lukaski,et al.  Whey protein, amino acids, and vitamin D supplementation with physical activity increases fat-free mass and strength, functionality, and quality of life and decreases inflammation in sarcopenic elderly. , 2016, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[76]  J. Baeyens,et al.  Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis , 2010, Age and ageing.

[77]  R. Bernabei,et al.  Bone-Muscle Crosstalk: Unraveling New Therapeutic Targets for Osteoporosis. , 2017, Current pharmaceutical design.

[78]  C. Cooper,et al.  Recommendations for the conduct of clinical trials for drugs to treat or prevent sarcopenia , 2015, Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.

[79]  J. Reginster,et al.  Prevalence of sarcopenia: the impact of different diagnostic cut-off limits. , 2014, Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions.

[80]  W. Willett,et al.  Comparative performance of current definitions of sarcopenia against the prospective incidence of falls among community-dwelling seniors age 65 and older , 2015, Osteoporosis International.

[81]  D. Reeds,et al.  Dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation increases the rate of muscle protein synthesis in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. , 2011, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[82]  J. Reginster,et al.  Benefits and safety of dietary protein for bone health—an expert consensus paper endorsed by the European Society for Clinical and Economical Aspects of Osteopororosis, Osteoarthritis, and Musculoskeletal Diseases and by the International Osteoporosis Foundation , 2018, Osteoporosis International.

[83]  D. McGee,et al.  Osteosarcopenic obesity is associated with reduced handgrip strength, walking abilities, and balance in postmenopausal women , 2015, Osteoporosis International.

[84]  C. Cooper,et al.  Determinants of Muscle and Bone Aging , 2015, Journal of cellular physiology.

[85]  J. Ilich.  Another Impairment in Older Age: What Does Osteosarcopenic Obesity Syndrome Mean for Middle-Aged and Older Women? , 2017, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.

[86]  J. Morley.  Pharmacologic Options for the Treatment of Sarcopenia , 2016, Calcified Tissue International.

[87]  Okhee Lee,et al.  Association of serum vitamin D with osteosarcopenic obesity: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008–2010 , 2016, Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle.

[88]  A. Sinclair,et al.  Frailty and sarcopenia - newly emerging and high impact complications of diabetes. , 2017, Journal of diabetes and its complications.

[89]  B. Stoll,et al.  Modulation of the gut microbiota with antibiotic treatment suppresses whole body urea production in neonatal pigs. , 2013, American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology.

[90]  M. Rutter,et al.  Nonandrogenic Anabolic Hormones Predict Risk of Frailty: European Male Ageing Study Prospective Data , 2017, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[91]  L. Kuller,et al.  Excessive Loss of Skeletal Muscle Mass in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes , 2009, Diabetes Care.

[92]  C. Seal,et al.  Nutritional status, body composition, and quality of life in community-dwelling sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic older adults: A case-control study. , 2017, Clinical nutrition.

[93]  R. Varadhan,et al.  Higher levels and blunted diurnal variation of cortisol in frail older women. , 2008, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[94]  C. Cooper,et al.  Pro-inflammatory dietary pattern is associated with fractures in women: an eight-year longitudinal cohort study , 2017, Osteoporosis International.

[95]  Lehana Thabane,et al.  An overview of osteoporosis and frailty in the elderly , 2017, BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders.

[96]  O. Franco,et al.  Sarcopenia and Its Clinical Correlates in the General Population: The Rotterdam Study , 2018, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[97]  J. Ilich,et al.  Osteosarcopenic obesity in women: impact, prevalence, and management challenges , 2017, International journal of women's health.

[98]  T. Travison,et al.  Nutritional supplementation with physical activity improves muscle composition in mobility‐limited older adults, the VIVE2 study: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial , 2017, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[99]  G. Hankey,et al.  Low free testosterone predicts frailty in older men: the health in men study. , 2010, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[100]  M. Schambelan,et al.  Growth Hormone Replacement in Healthy Older Men Improves Body Composition but Not Functional Ability , 1996, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[101]  O. Johnell,et al.  Long-Term Risk of Osteoporotic Fracture in Malmö , 2000, Osteoporosis International.

[102]  F. Harrell,et al.  Effects of an Oral Ghrelin Mimetic on Body Composition and Clinical Outcomes in Healthy Older Adults , 2008, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[103]  L. Ferrucci,et al.  Serum testosterone is associated with aggressive prostate cancer in older men: results from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging , 2010, BJU international.

[104]  M. Yekaninejad,et al.  Relationship between major dietary patterns and sarcopenia among menopausal women , 2017, Aging Clinical and Experimental Research.

[105]  D. van der A,et al.  Trend in Obesity Prevalence in European Adult Cohort Populations during Follow-up since 1996 and Their Predictions to 2015 , 2011, PloS one.

[106]  L. Melton,et al.  A reference standard for the description of osteoporosis. , 2008, Bone.

[107]  H. Hirschfeld,et al.  Osteosarcopenia: where bone, muscle, and fat collide , 2017, Osteoporosis International.

[108]  René Rizzoli,et al.  Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis , 2018, Age and ageing.

[109]  Michael E. Miller,et al.  Effect of structured physical activity on prevention of major mobility disability in older adults: the LIFE study randomized clinical trial. , 2014, JAMA.

[110]  M. Buchsbaum,et al.  Bimagrumab improves body composition and insulin sensitivity in insulin‐resistant individuals , 2018, Diabetes, obesity & metabolism.

[111]  Douglas P Kiel,et al.  Sarcopenia definitions considering body size and fat mass are associated with mobility limitations: the Framingham Study. , 2013, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[112]  S. Roberts,et al.  Effects of testosterone on muscle strength, physical function, body composition, and quality of life in intermediate-frail and frail elderly men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. , 2010, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[113]  Nirav R. Shah,et al.  Measuring Adiposity in Patients: The Utility of Body Mass Index (BMI), Percent Body Fat, and Leptin , 2012, PloS one.

[114]  R. Rizzoli,et al.  Adherence to a Mediterranean diet is associated with lower incidence of frailty: A longitudinal cohort study. , 2017, Clinical nutrition.

[115]  J. Dalton,et al.  The selective androgen receptor modulator GTx-024 (enobosarm) improves lean body mass and physical function in healthy elderly men and postmenopausal women: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial , 2011, Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle.

[116]  M. Rutter,et al.  Nonandrogenic Anabolic Hormones Predict Risk of Frailty: European Male Ageing Study Prospective Data , 2017, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[117]  J. Mursu,et al.  Association of the Baltic Sea and Mediterranean diets with indices of sarcopenia in elderly women, OSPTRE-FPS study , 2018, European Journal of Nutrition.

[118]  M. Cesari,et al.  THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DIETARY INFLAMMATORY INDEX AND INCIDENT FRAILTY: A LONGITUDINAL COHORT STUDY , 2017 .

[119]  Lex B. Verdijk,et al.  Aging Is Accompanied by a Blunted Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Protein Ingestion , 2015, PloS one.

[120]  Carlos Teles Santos,et al.  Obesity and vitamin D deficiency: a systematic review and meta‐analysis , 2015, Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[121]  N. Dahiya,et al.  Drug treatment of obesity: current status and future prospects. , 2015, European journal of internal medicine.

[122]  Shalender Bhasin,et al.  Older men are as responsive as young men to the anabolic effects of graded doses of testosterone on the skeletal muscle. , 2005, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[123]  J. Ilich,et al.  Macronutrient Intake and Distribution in the Etiology, Prevention and Treatment of Osteosarcopenic Obesity. , 2017, Current aging science.

[124]  Frederick C W Wu,et al.  Testosterone Therapy in Men With Hypogonadism: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. , 2018, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[125]  J. Bauer,et al.  Sarcopenia and frailty: A clinician’s controversial point of view , 2008, Experimental Gerontology.

[126]  D. Papanicolaou,et al.  MK-0677 (ibutamoren mesylate) for the treatment of patients recovering from hip fracture: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled phase IIb study. , 2011, Archives of gerontology and geriatrics.

[127]  Yunhwan Lee,et al.  Diet quality and osteosarcopenic obesity in community-dwelling adults 50 years and older. , 2017, Maturitas.

[128]  M. Cesari,et al.  ACE-inhibition and physical function: results from the Trial of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Novel Cardiovascular Risk Factors (TRAIN) study. , 2010, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.

[129]  C. Tsigos,et al.  Prevalence, Pathophysiology, Health Consequences and Treatment Options of Obesity in the Elderly: A Guideline , 2012, Obesity Facts.

[130]  S. Rubin,et al.  Protein Intake and Mobility Limitation in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults: the Health ABC Study , 2017, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.