Chapter 1 – Energy Storage for Mitigating the Variability of Renewable Electricity Sources

Wind and solar power generation is growing quickly around the world, mainly to mitigate some of the negative environmental impacts of the electricity sector. However, the variability of these renewable sources of electricity poses technical and economical challenges when integrated on a large scale. Energy storage is being widely regarded as one of the potential solutions to deal with the variations of variable renewable electricity sources (VRES). This chapter presents an review of the state of technology, installations and some challenges of electrical energy storage (EES) systems. It particularly focuses on the applicability, advantages and disadvantages of various EES technologies for large-scale VRES integration. This chapter indicates that each challenge imposed by VRES requires a dierent set of EES characteristics to address the issue, and that there is no single EES technology that consistently outperforms the others in various applications. This chapter also discusses external factors, such as mineral availability and geographic limitations, that may aect the success of the widespread implementation of EES technologies.

[1]  P.J.M. Heskes,et al.  Harmonic interaction between a large number of distributed power inverters and the distribution network , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[2]  B. Zavadil,et al.  Grid impacts of wind power: a summary of recent studies in the United States , 2003 .

[3]  Carl D. Parker,et al.  Lead-acid battery energy-storage systems for electricity supply networks , 2001 .

[4]  Eric Hirst,et al.  Separating and measuring the regulation and load-following ancillary services , 1999 .

[5]  G. Joos,et al.  Supercapacitor Energy Storage for Wind Energy Applications , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[6]  Shaoli Feng,et al.  Lead-acid battery use in the development of renewable energy systems in China , 2009 .

[7]  Paul Denholm,et al.  Improving the technical, environmental and social performance of wind energy systems using biomass-based energy storage , 2006 .

[8]  M. Armand,et al.  Building better batteries , 2008, Nature.

[9]  Alfred J. Cavallo,et al.  Controllable and affordable utility-scale electricity from intermittent wind resources and compressed air energy storage (CAES) , 2007 .

[10]  Julio Usaola,et al.  Combined hydro-wind generation bids in a pool-based electricity market , 2009 .

[11]  Amy Q. Shen,et al.  Parking the power: Strategies and physical limitations for bulk energy storage in supply–demand matching on a grid whose input power is provided by intermittent sources , 2009 .

[12]  Osamu Kobayashi,et al.  Mass production cost of PEM fuel cell by learning curve , 2004 .

[13]  G. Strbac,et al.  Value of combining energy storage and wind in short-term energy and balancing markets , 2003 .

[14]  Bo Yang,et al.  On the use of energy storage technologies for regulation services in electric power systems with significant penetration of wind energy , 2008, 2008 5th International Conference on the European Electricity Market.

[15]  Christopher P. Schaber,et al.  Utility-Scale Storage of Renewable Energy , 2004 .

[16]  Septimus van der Linden,et al.  Bulk energy storage potential in the USA, current developments and future prospects , 2006 .

[17]  Karsten Neuhoff,et al.  Modelling Dynamic Constraints in Electricity Markets and the Costs of Uncertain Wind Output , 2006 .

[18]  Paul Denholm,et al.  Life cycle energy requirements and greenhouse gas emissions from large scale energy storage systems , 2004 .

[19]  C. Lindsay Anderson,et al.  Reducing the Variability of Wind Power Generation for Participation in Day Ahead  Electricity Markets , 2008, Proceedings of the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 2008).

[20]  G. Scherer,et al.  Analysis of the seasonal energy storage of hydrogen in liquid organic hydrides , 1998 .

[21]  José L. Bernal-Agustín,et al.  Hourly energy management for grid-connected wind–hydrogen systems , 2008 .

[22]  Mathias Noe,et al.  Electric power applications of superconductivity , 2004, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[23]  Susan M. Schoenung,et al.  Characteristics and Technologies for Long- vs. Short-Term Energy Storage: A Study by the DOE Energy Storage Systems Program , 2001 .

[24]  Paul Denholm,et al.  The value of compressed air energy storage with wind in transmission-constrained electric power systems , 2009 .

[25]  R. Shimada,et al.  Wind farms linked by SMES systems , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[26]  Pavlos S. Georgilakis,et al.  Technical challenges associated with the integration of wind power into power systems , 2008 .

[27]  Chung-Liang Chang,et al.  Combining the Wind Power Generation System with Energy Storage Equipments , 2008, 2008 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting.

[28]  J. McDowall,et al.  Integrating energy storage with wind power in weak electricity grids , 2006 .

[29]  D. J. Swider,et al.  Compressed Air Energy Storage in an Electricity System With Significant Wind Power Generation , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[30]  Timothy M. Weis,et al.  The utility of energy storage to improve the economics of wind–diesel power plants in Canada , 2008 .

[31]  Genevieve Saur,et al.  Lifecycle Cost Analysis of Hydrogen Versus Other Technologies for Electrical Energy Storage , 2009 .

[32]  Eamon McKeogh,et al.  The role of hydrogen in high wind energy penetration electricity systems: The Irish case , 2004 .

[33]  Dennis Anderson,et al.  Harvesting and redistributing renewable energy: on the role of gas and electricity grids to overcome intermittency through the generation and storage of hydrogen , 2004 .

[34]  E. Newson,et al.  Economic analysis of the seasonal storage of electricity with liquid organic hydrides , 1999 .

[35]  Daniel Weisser,et al.  Instantaneous wind energy penetration in isolated electricity grids: concepts and review , 2005 .

[36]  J.P. Barton,et al.  Energy storage and its use with intermittent renewable energy , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[37]  W. Buckles,et al.  Superconducting magnetic energy storage , 2000 .

[38]  Jing Shi,et al.  Application of SMES in wind farm to improve voltage stability , 2008 .

[39]  Georges Garabeth Salgi,et al.  The role of compressed air energy storage (CAES) in future sustainable energy systems , 2009 .

[40]  Adrian Ilinca,et al.  Energy storage systems—Characteristics and comparisons , 2008 .

[41]  G. Cornelis van Kooten,et al.  Network constrained wind integration on Vancouver Island , 2008 .

[42]  X.Y. Wang,et al.  Determination of Battery Storage Capacity in Energy Buffer for Wind Farm , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[43]  P.K. Sen,et al.  Advancement of energy storage devices and applications in electrical power system , 2008, 2008 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting - Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century.

[44]  Erik Ela,et al.  ERCOT Event on February 26, 2008: Lessons Learned , 2008 .

[45]  D. Connolly.  A Review of Energy Storage Technologies: For the integration of fluctuating renewable energy , 2010 .

[46]  Estathios Peteves,et al.  Exploiting Synergies in European Wind and Hydrogen Sectors: A Cost-benefit Assessment , 2008 .

[47]  Peter Hall,et al.  Energy-storage technologies and electricity generation , 2008 .

[48]  K. Porter,et al.  The Cost of Transmission for Wind Energy: A Review of Transmission Planning Studies , 2009 .

[49]  Daniel M. Kammen,et al.  An Assessment of Battery and Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems Integrated with Wind Energy Resources in California , 2005 .

[50]  A.G. Orths,et al.  Where the wind blows , 2009, IEEE Power and Energy Magazine.

[51]  Adel Nasiri,et al.  Wind power smoothing using rotor inertia aimed at reducing grid susceptibility , 2008 .

[52]  G. Joos,et al.  Attenuation of Wind Power Fluctuations in Wind Turbine Generators using a DC Bus Capacitor Based Filtering Control Scheme , 2006, Conference Record of the 2006 IEEE Industry Applications Conference Forty-First IAS Annual Meeting.

[53]  José L. Bernal-Agustín,et al.  Generation management using batteries in wind farms: Economical and technical analysis for Spain , 2009 .

[54]  K. Ragnarsdóttir.  Rare metals getting rarer , 2008 .

[55]  John S. Anagnostopoulos,et al.  Simulation and size optimization of a pumped–storage power plant for the recovery of wind-farms rejected energy , 2008 .

[56]  Kadir Bilen,et al.  Energy production, consumption, and environmental pollution for sustainable development: A case study in Turkey , 2008 .

[57]  Georges Kariniotakis,et al.  Improvements in wind speed forecasts for wind power prediction purposes using Kalman filtering. , 2005 .

[58]  Yasunori Mitani,et al.  Power oscillation suppression by robust SMES in power system with large wind power penetration , 2009 .

[59]  Rosa Blanco,et al.  Economical assessment of a wind–hydrogen energy system using WindHyGen® software , 2009 .

[60]  John Olav Giæver Tande,et al.  Grid Integration of Wind Farms , 2003 .

[61]  R.B. Schainker,et al.  Executive overview: energy storage options for a sustainable energy future , 2004, IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 2004..

[62]  E. Muljadi,et al.  Effect of Variable Speed Wind Turbine Generator on Stability of a Weak Grid , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[63]  Magnus Korpås,et al.  Opportunities for hydrogen production in connection with wind power in weak grids , 2008 .

[64]  José A. Carta,et al.  Wind powered pumped hydro storage systems, a means of increasing the penetration of renewable energy in the Canary Islands , 2006 .

[65]  V. Fthenakis,et al.  Coupling PV and CAES power plants to transform intermittent PV electricity into a dispatchable electricity source , 2008 .

[66]  Ruey-Hsun Liang,et al.  A Fuzzy-Optimization Approach for Generation Scheduling With Wind and Solar Energy Systems , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[67]  Sabah A. Abdul-Wahab,et al.  Weather data and analysis of hybrid photovoltaic-wind power generation systems adapted to a seawater greenhouse desalination unit designed for arid coastal countries. , 2008 .

[68]  Magnus Korpaas,et al.  Operation and sizing of energy storage for wind power plants in a market system , 2003 .

[69]  Tomonobu Senjyu,et al.  Terminal-voltage and output-power regulation of wind-turbine generator by series and parallel compensation using SMES , 2006 .

[70]  J. Arai,et al.  Power electronics and its applications to renewable energy in Japan , 2008, IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine.

[71]  M. Matos,et al.  Optimization of Pumped Storage Capacity in an Isolated Power System With Large Renewable Penetration , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[72]  Hannele Holttinen,et al.  The impact of large scale wind power production on the Nordic electricity system , 2004 .

[73]  Richard David Moutoux.  Wind integrated Compressed Air Energy Storage in Colorado , 2007 .

[74]  J.A.P. Lopes,et al.  On the optimization of the daily operation of a wind-hydro power plant , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[75]  H. Battista,et al.  Hydrogen production from idle generation capacity of wind turbines , 2008 .

[76]  J. Apt,et al.  Economics of electric energy storage for energy arbitrage and regulation in New York , 2007 .

[77]  M. O'Malley,et al.  A new approach to quantify reserve demand in systems with significant installed wind capacity , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[78]  R. Castro,et al.  An overview on short and long-term response energy storage devices for power systems applications , 2008 .

[79]  J. Vanhanen,et al.  Electrolyser-metal hydride-fuel cell system for seasonal energy storage , 1998 .

[80]  Andreas Poullikkas,et al.  Overview of current and future energy storage technologies for electric power applications , 2009 .

[81]  Haisheng Chen,et al.  Progress in electrical energy storage system: A critical review , 2009 .

[82]  René M.J. Benders,et al.  Wind energy, electricity, and hydrogen in the Netherlands , 2007 .