Coastal zone management in India − present status and future needs

Abstract The coastal zone is a region where land, ocean and atmosphere interact and hence it is dynamic in nature. India has a long coastline which was not adequately monitored until the advent of the satellite remote sensing era in the 70s. India has a very robust remote sensing program that the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) series of satellites were effectively used to monitor coastal habitats, landforms, shoreline, water quality, etc., and changes were identified during the last 40 years. The classification system for coastal habitats and the classification and geometric accuracies of products were standardized. Detailed information for mangroves communities and characteristics of coral reefs were generated. The high and low tide lines were delineated seamlessly for the entire coastline using satellite data. All these data were organized in a GIS and the coastal database for the entire country was created. Impacts of various hazards on such as cyclones, tsunami and sea level changes on coastal habitats were documented. Based on topography, shoreline changes and tides, coastal multi-hazard vulnerability maps were characterized by employing the elevation data derived from satellite data and were prepared for the coastline of India. The information on ocean color and sea surface temperature was used to generate potential fishery advisories, which are provided daily to fishermen. The coastal database was utilized effectively to identify coastal regulation zones, marine protected areas, vulnerable zones, etc. Various services for tsunami, fishery and coral reef bleaching were generated for societal benefits. It is planned to develop models for the coastal zone, so that impeding dangers and likely changes in the coastal zone can be predicted and suitable actions can be undertaken. It is necessary to integrate socio-economic data with the knowledge database of coastal zone to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities and the changing climate on the coastal zone.

[1]  Orrin H. Pilkey,et al.  Open-Ocean Barrier Islands: Global Influence of Climatic, Oceanographic, and Depositional Settings , 2011 .

[2]  P. R. C. Rahul,et al.  Role of a Cyclonic Eddy in the 7000-Year-Old Mentawai Coral Reef Death During the 1997 Indian Ocean Dipole Event , 2010, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters.

[3]  A. S. Rajawat,et al.  Impact of new mouth opening on morphology and water quality of the Chilika Lagoon – a study based on Resourcesat‐1 LISS‐III and AWiFS and IRS‐1D LISS‐III data , 2007 .

[4]  Shailesh Nayak,et al.  Performance of the tsunami forecast system for the Indian Ocean , 2012 .

[5]  Shailesh Nayak,et al.  Coastal Vulnerability Assessment for Orissa State, East Coast of India , 2010 .

[6]  Yuanlong Li,et al.  Causes for the reversal of North Indian Ocean decadal sea level trend in recent two decades , 2017, Climate Dynamics.

[7]  Carrie V. Kappel,et al.  Coastal Ecosystem-Based Management with Nonlinear Ecological Functions and Values , 2008, Science.

[8]  Joaquim I. Goes,et al.  Blooms of Noctiluca miliaris in the Arabian Sea - An In Situ and Satellite Study , 2008 .

[9]  J. Wiedenmann,et al.  Corals from the Persian/Arabian Gulf as models for thermotolerant reef-builders: prevalence of clade C3 Symbiodinium, host fluorescence and ex situ temperature tolerance. , 2013, Marine pollution bulletin.

[10]  Shailesh Nayak,et al.  Successful monitoring of the 11 April 2012 tsunami off the coast of Sumatra by Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre , 2012 .

[11]  G. Jensen,et al.  Assessment and management , 1998 .

[12]  Raghavendra S. Mupparthy,et al.  Phytoplankton bloom due to Cyclone Sidr in the central Bay of Bengal , 2009 .

[13]  Shailesh Nayak,et al.  Addressing the Risk of Tsunami in the Indian Ocean , 2008 .

[14]  B. R. Raghavan,et al.  Coupled correction and classification of hyperspectral imagery for mapping coral reefs of Agatti and Flat Islands, India , 2014 .

[15]  S. Zlatanova,et al.  Remote Sensing and GIS Technologies for Monitoring and Prediction of Disasters , 2008 .

[16]  D. Normile.  Marine ecology. Hard summer for corals kindles fears for survival of reefs. , 2010, Science.

[17]  Shailesh Nayak,et al.  Coastal Multi-Hazard Vulnerability Mapping: A Case Study Along The Coast of Nellore District, East C , 2010 .

[18]  S. Nayak,et al.  Brackish water aquaculture site selection in coastal track of cannanore (Kerala) using remote sensing and GIS techniques , 2001 .

[19]  S Ramachandran,et al.  Application of Remote Sensing and Gis , 2022 .

[20]  R. S. Mahendra,et al.  Applications of the multi-spectral satellite data from IRS-P6 LISS-III and IRS-P4 OCM to decipher submerged coral beds around Andaman Islands , 2010 .

[21]  Shailesh Nayak,et al.  Impact of the tsunami and earthquake of 26th December 2004 on the vital coastal ecosystems of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands assessed using RESOURCESAT AWiFS data , 2008, Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinformation.

[22]  S. Nayak,et al.  Application of Remote Sensing for Damage Assessment of Coastal Ecosystems in India due to the December 2004 Tsunami , 2008 .

[23]  T. Jagtap,et al.  Assessment of coastal wetland resources of central west coast, India, using LANDSAT data , 2001 .

[24]  A. S. Rajawat,et al.  Evolution of Diverging Spits Across the Tropical River Mouths, Central West Coast of India , 2015 .

[25]  T. Kumar,et al.  Cyclone Phailin enhanced the productivity following its passage: Evidence from satellite data , 2014 .

[26]  A. S. Rajawat,et al.  Geomorphic Processes in the Vicinity of the Venkatapur River Mouth, Central West Coast of India: Implications for Estuarine Sedimentation , 2010 .

[27]  M. Mohapatra,et al.  Modeling Storm Surge and its Associated Inland Inundation Extent Due to Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Phailin , 2015 .

[28]  S. Nayak,et al.  Coastal morphology: a case study of the Gulf of Khambhat (Cambay) , 1985 .

[29]  S. Nayak,et al.  Coastal landform mapping around the Gulf of Khambhat using Landsat TM data , 1989 .

[30]  W. Hargrove,et al.  Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing , 2022 .

[32]  Shailesh Nayak,et al.  Application of satellite data for monitoring degradation of tidal wetlands of the Gulf of Kachchh, Western India , 1989 .

[33]  B. Deshmukh,et al.  Zoning and monitoring dominant mangrove communities of a part of The Marine National Park, Gulf of Kachchh , 2005 .

[34]  Shailesh Nayak,et al.  Assessment and management of coastal multi-hazard vulnerability along the Cuddalore–Villupuram, east coast of India using geospatial techniques , 2011 .

[35]  P. N. Vinayachandran,et al.  Phytoplankton bloom in the Bay of Bengal during the northeast monsoon and its intensification by cyclones , 2003 .

[36]  A. S. Rajawat,et al.  Application of Satellite Remote Sensing for Investigation of Suspended Sediment Dispersion Pattern in the Near Shore Region: A Case Study from the Central West Coast of India , 2012 .

[37]  F. Chapin,et al.  A safe operating space for humanity , 2009, Nature.

[38]  B. Deshmukh,et al.  Eco-Geomorphological zonation of The Bangaram Reef, Lakshadweep , 2005 .

[39]  S. Nayak,et al.  Analysis of EO-1 Hyperion over Agatti and Boat Islands , India , 2012 .

[40]  P. Chauhan,et al.  Detection of submerged reef banks in the Lakshadweep Sea using IRS-P4 OCM satellite data , 2005 .

[41]  M. Mohapatra,et al.  Evaluation of official tropical cyclone track forecast over north Indian Ocean issued by India Meteorological Department , 2013, Journal of Earth System Science.

[42]  S. Nayak,et al.  Chapter Fifteen Muddy coasts of India , 2002 .

[43]  R. S. Mahendra,et al.  Assessment of the coral bleaching during 2005 to decipher the thermal stress in the coral environs of the Andaman Islands using Remote Sensing , 2013 .

[44]  Shailesh Nayak,et al.  Application of remote sensing data to monitor mangroves and other coastal vegetation of India , 2001 .

[45]  Shailesh Nayak,et al.  IRS-1C APPLICATIONS FOR COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT , 1996 .

[46]  Ajai,et al.  Mangrove Inventory of India at Community Level , 2013 .

[47]  A. Narain,et al.  IRS-1A applications for coastal and marine resources , 1991 .

[48]  Shailesh Nayak,et al.  Status and monitoring the health of coral reef using multi-temporal remote sensing - a case study of Pirotan Coral Reef Island, Marine National Park, Gulf of Kachchh, Gujarat, India , 2008 .

[49]  P. R. C. Rahul,et al.  Super Cyclone Induces a Mesoscale Phytoplankton Bloom in the Bay of Bengal , 2008, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters.

[50]  P. Chauhan,et al.  Remote Sensing of suspended sediments along the Tamil Nadu coastal waters , 1996 .

[51]  Shailesh Nayak,et al.  Retrieval of sea surface velocities using sequential Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) data , 2002 .

[52]  M. Raghavendra,et al.  Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Coral Reefs , 2015 .