A three‐dimensional particle simulation of the formation and collapse of a primary thrombus

This report presents a technique based on the particle method to simulate the process of thrombogenesis while considering platelet aggregation under the influence of fluid dynamics. In the employed particle method, the blood region was discretized by particles that were assumed to have the characteristics of plasma and platelets. The moving particle semi‐implicit (MPS) method developed for incompressible viscous flow was applied to the flow of plasma and platelets. Adhesion of platelets to the injured vessel wall was expressed by a spring force acting between them. The same modeling was applied for the aggregation of platelets. Three‐dimensional computer simulation of thrombogenesis was performed in a rectangular flow channel under the condition of Re=0.02. We demonstrated that the proposed method can simulate the formation and destruction of a thrombus with the inclusion of feedback reactions of thrombus development and flow. The results revealed that the growth rate of a thrombus, its height, and time required from the beginning of thrombus formation to its collapse vary according to the flow rate, indicating that flow dynamics plays an important role in regulating the development of a primary thrombus. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

[1]  G. Born,et al.  Growth Rate in vivo of Platelet Thrombi, produced by Iontophoresis of ADP, as a Function of Mean Blood Flow Velocity , 1970, Nature.

[2]  H. Goldsmith,et al.  Aggregation of human platelets in an annular vortex distal to a tubular expansion. , 1979, Microvascular research.

[3]  Aaron L. Fogelson,et al.  Continuum models of platelet aggregation: formulation and mechanical properties , 1992 .

[4]  Brian Savage,et al.  Initiation of Platelet Adhesion by Arrest onto Fibrinogen or Translocation on von Willebrand Factor , 1996, Cell.

[5]  S. Koshizuka,et al.  Moving-Particle Semi-Implicit Method for Fragmentation of Incompressible Fluid , 1996 .

[6]  José A López,et al.  Molecular mechanisms of platelet adhesion and activation. , 1997, The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology.

[7]  S. Koshizuka,et al.  International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids Numerical Analysis of Breaking Waves Using the Moving Particle Semi-implicit Method , 2022 .

[8]  S. Goto,et al.  Distinct mechanisms of platelet aggregation as a consequence of different shearing flow conditions. , 1998, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[9]  Z. Ruggeri,et al.  HEMOSTASIS , THROMBOSIS , AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY Contribution of Distinct Adhesive Interactions to Platelet Aggregation in Flowing Blood , 1999 .

[10]  J. D. Hellums,et al.  A New Role for P-Selectin in Shear-Induced Platelet Aggregation , 2000, Circulation.

[11]  Witold Dzwinel,et al.  Dynamical clustering of red blood cells in capillary vessels , 2003, Journal of molecular modeling.

[12]  Takami Yamaguchi,et al.  Formation and destruction of primary thrombi under the influence of blood flow and von Willebrand factor analyzed by a discrete element method. , 2003, Biorheology.

[13]  J. Freedman,et al.  Platelets and von Willebrand factor. , 2003, Transfusion and apheresis science : official journal of the World Apheresis Association : official journal of the European Society for Haemapheresis.

[14]  James F. Antaki,et al.  Computational Simulation of Platelet Deposition and Activation: II. Results for Poiseuille Flow over Collagen , 1999, Annals of Biomedical Engineering.

[15]  Toru Masuzawa,et al.  Micro-simulation of Blood Flow , 2004 .

[16]  Shmuel Einav,et al.  Dynamics of Blood Flow and Platelet Transport in Pathological Vessels , 2004, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[17]  James F. Antaki,et al.  Computational Simulation of Platelet Deposition and Activation: I. Model Development and Properties , 1999, Annals of Biomedical Engineering.

[18]  K. Jurk,et al.  Platelets: Physiology and Biochemistry , 2005, Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis.

[19]  Shigeo Wada,et al.  Computer Simulation of Formation and Collapse of Primary Thrombus due to Platelet Aggregation Using Particle Method , 2006 .

[20]  Shigeo Wada,et al.  Particle method for computer simulation of red blood cell motion in blood flow , 2006, Comput. Methods Programs Biomed..

[21]  G. Karniadakis,et al.  Blood flow velocity effects and role of activation delay time on growth and form of platelet thrombi , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[22]  Zhiliang Xu,et al.  A multiscale model of thrombus development , 2008, Journal of The Royal Society Interface.

[23]  Aaron L. Fogelson,et al.  Immersed-boundary-type models of intravascular platelet aggregation☆ , 2008 .

[24]  Takuji Ishikawa,et al.  Computational study on effect of red blood cells on primary thrombus formation. , 2008, Thrombosis research.

[25]  Takuji Ishikawa,et al.  Simulation of platelet adhesion and aggregation regulated by fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor , 2007, Thrombosis and Haemostasis.

[26]  N. Filipovic,et al.  Modelling thrombosis using dissipative particle dynamics method , 2008, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.