Population targeted requirements acquisition

ABSTRACT We use social science theories, design science research methodology, and our experience in five development projects to design principles for selecting or adapting requirements acquisition (RA) techniques for use with populations of customers and users. The information systems (IS) literature has not systematically focused on the adaption of RA techniques to particular populations. We developed a nascent design theory for RA to target specific populations to define functional requirements for new IS. Five reference theories – personal construct theory, theory of disability, diffusion of innovations, social actor theory, and media richness and information synchronicity theory – support the design. The theory was evaluated iteratively with five client organisations, involving more than 200 participants.

[1]  Paul Baines,et al.  Segmentation and customer insight in contemporary services marketing practice: why grouping customers is no longer enough , 2009 .

[2]  Mark Keil,et al.  Why Software Projects Escalate: An Empirical Analysis and Test of Four Theoretical Models , 2000, MIS Q..

[3]  Tuure Tuunanen,et al.  From Rich User Requirements to System Requirements , 2007, PACIS.

[4]  Tuure Tuunanen,et al.  A New Perspective on Requirements Elicitation Methods , 2003 .

[5]  Tuure Tuunanen,et al.  A Contigency Model for Requirements Development , 2007, J. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[6]  Richard L. Daft,et al.  Organizational information requirements, media richness and structural design , 1986 .

[7]  Alexander Maedche,et al.  Reducing age stereotypes in software development: The effects of awareness- and cooperation-based diversity interventions , 2016, J. Syst. Softw..

[8]  David Goldman,et al.  Using ancestry-informative markers to define populations and detect population stratification , 2006, Journal of psychopharmacology.

[9]  Christoph Rosenkranz,et al.  Language quality in requirements development: tracing communication in the process of information systems development , 2013, J. Inf. Technol..

[10]  Saonee Sarker,et al.  An Exploration into the Process of Requirements Elicitation: A Grounded Approach , 2010, J. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[11]  Warren Moseley.  Requirements elicitation for an intelligent software test environment for the physically challenged , 2000, IUI '00.

[12]  Glenn J. Browne,et al.  An Empirical Investigation of User Requirements Elicitation: Comparing the Effectiveness of Prompting Techniques , 2001, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[13]  Paul P. Maglio,et al.  Emerging Digital Frontiers for Service Innovation , 2016, Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[14]  Venkataraman Ramesh,et al.  Improving information requirements determination: a cognitive perspective , 2002, Inf. Manag..

[15]  Graeme G. Shanks,et al.  Stakeholder viewpoints in requirements definition: A framework for understanding viewpoint development approaches , 1996, Requirements Engineering.

[16]  Tuure Tuunanen,et al.  The effect of culture on requirements: a value-based view of prioritization , 2015, Eur. J. Inf. Syst..

[17]  Tuure Tuunanen,et al.  Engineering a method for wide audience requirements elicitation and integrating it to software development , 2004, 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the.

[18]  Robert F. Lusch,et al.  Service Innovation: A Service-Dominant Logic Perspective , 2015, MIS Q..

[19]  David W. Conrath,et al.  The Use of Cognitive Mapping for Information Requirements Analysis , 1986, MIS Q..

[20]  Alexander Maedche,et al.  Advanced User Assistance Systems , 2016, Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng..

[21]  Tonya L. Smith-Jackson,et al.  Elicitation of Haptic User Interface Needs of People with Low Vision , 2013, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact..

[22]  Bruce O. Bergum,et al.  Population Stereotypes: An Attempt to Measure and Define , 1981 .

[23]  Jonathan Grudin,et al.  Interactive systems: bridging the gaps between developers and users , 1991, Computer.

[24]  R. Freeman.  Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach , 2010 .

[25]  Tuure Tuunanen,et al.  Understanding flow experience from users’ requirements , 2016, Behav. Inf. Technol..

[26]  Jonny Holmström,et al.  Requirements engineering blinders: exploring information systems developers’ black-boxing of the emergent character of requirements , 2011, Eur. J. Inf. Syst..

[27]  Tuure Tuunanen,et al.  A Conceptual Framework for Consumer Information Systems Development , 2010, Pac. Asia J. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[28]  Caxton Nyahela,et al.  The influence of Luyia traditional Religious Rituals on Christianity: a case study of African Israel Church Nineveh in Vihiga County, Kenya , 2015 .

[29]  Alan R. Dennis,et al.  Rethinking media richness: towards a theory of media synchronicity , 1999, Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences. 1999. HICSS-32. Abstracts and CD-ROM of Full Papers.

[30]  Ronald K. Mitchell,et al.  Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of who and What Really Counts , 1997 .

[31]  Iris Vessey,et al.  The Effect of User Involvement on System Success: A Contingency Approach , 1988, MIS Q..

[32]  Jan Muntermann,et al.  Research Note - Heuristic Theorizing: Proactively Generating Design Theories , 2014, Inf. Syst. Res..

[33]  Tuure Tuunanen,et al.  Domain Specific Case Tool for ICT-Enabled Service Design , 2014, 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

[34]  K. Peffers,et al.  Performance effects of innovative IT applications over time , 1996 .

[35]  Tuure Tuunanen,et al.  Developing Feature Sets for Geographically Diverse External End Users: A Call for Value-Based Preference Modeling , 2006 .

[36]  Christoph Rosenkranz,et al.  Boundary Interactions and Motors of Change in Requirements Elicitation: A Dynamic Perspective on Knowledge Sharing , 2014, J. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[37]  L. Preston,et al.  The Stakeholder Theory of the Corporation: Concepts, Evidence, and Implications , 1995 .

[38]  Margaret Murugami,et al.  Disability and identity , 2009 .

[39]  Viswanath Venkatesh,et al.  Consumer Acceptance and Use of Information Technology: Extending the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology , 2012, MIS Q..

[40]  Alan R. Dennis,et al.  Media, Tasks, and Communication Processes: A Theory of Media Synchronicity , 2008, MIS Q..

[41]  James M. Willette.  A Phenomenological Study of Gay Male Undergraduate College Students' Experiences at a Jesuit Catholic University. , 2016 .

[42]  Davi Viana,et al.  Evaluating the REMO-EKD technique: A technique for the elicitation of software requirements based on EKD organizational models , 2013, 2013 3rd International Workshop on Empirical Requirements Engineering (EmpiRE).

[43]  Erik L. Olson,et al.  Implementing the lead user method in a high technology firm: A longitudinal study of intentions versus actions , 2001 .

[44]  Matthew J. Salganik,et al.  5. Sampling and Estimation in Hidden Populations Using Respondent-Driven Sampling , 2004 .

[45]  Monica Chiarini Tremblay,et al.  Communication Challenges in Requirements Elicitation and the Use of the Repertory Grid Technique , 2006, J. Comput. Inf. Syst..

[46]  Dimitris Michailakis,et al.  The Systems Theory Concept of Disability: One is not born a disabled person, one is observed to be one , 2003 .

[47]  Christoph Rosenkranz,et al.  The emergence of shared understanding: applying functional pragmatics to study the requirements development process , 2013, Inf. Syst. J..

[48]  Tuure Tuunanen,et al.  Wide Audience Requirements Engineering (WARE): A Practical Method and Case Study , 2008 .

[49]  Tamás Péterváry.  Language, ideology and power in contemporary Ireland , 2016 .

[50]  Tuure Tuunanen,et al.  Planning for IS applications: a practical, information theoretical method and case study in mobile financial services , 2005, Inf. Manag..

[51]  Kalle Lyytinen,et al.  Large-Scale Requirements Analysis Revisited: The need for Understanding the Political Ecology of Requirements Engineering , 2002, Requirements Engineering.

[52]  Daniela E. Damian,et al.  An Empirical Investigation on Text-Based Communication in Distributed Requirements Workshops , 2007, International Conference on Global Software Engineering (ICGSE 2007).

[53]  J. Paris.  Performance assessment. , 1998, Journal of public health medicine.

[54]  Colin J. Neill,et al.  Requirements Engineering: The State of the Practice , 2003, IEEE Softw..

[55]  Tuure Tuunanen,et al.  A method and tool for rapid consumer application development , 2010 .

[56]  D. MacInnis,et al.  Characteristics of portrayed emotions in commercials: when does what is shown in ads affect viewers? , 1995 .

[57]  Thiruvengadam Radhakrishnan,et al.  On eliciting requirements from end-users in the ICT4D domain , 2011, Requirements Engineering.

[58]  Jan vom Brocke,et al.  Evaluations in the Science of the Artificial - Reconsidering the Build-Evaluate Pattern in Design Science Research , 2012, DESRIST.

[59]  Glenn J. Browne,et al.  Improving requirements elicitation: an empirical investigation of procedural prompts , 2007, Inf. Syst. J..

[60]  Glenn J. Browne,et al.  Investigating Retrieval-Induced Forgetting During Information Requirements Determination , 2010, J. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[61]  V. Braun,et al.  Using thematic analysis in psychology , 2006 .

[62]  T. J. Reynolds,et al.  Laddering theory, method, analysis, and interpretation. , 2001 .

[63]  Alan R. Hevner,et al.  Focus Groups for Artifact Refinement and Evaluation in Design Research , 2010, Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[64]  Gary L. Lilien,et al.  Performance Assessment of the Lead User Idea-Generation Process for New Product Development , 2002, Manag. Sci..

[65]  E. Hippel,et al.  Lead users: a source of novel product concepts , 1986 .

[66]  R. Carlson.  Personality: Theory and Research. 4th ed. , 1985 .

[67]  Panayiotis Zaphiris,et al.  Requirements Elicitation with and for Older Adults , 2008, IEEE Software.

[68]  Samir Chatterjee,et al.  A Design Science Research Methodology for Information Systems Research , 2008 .

[69]  Rob Kling,et al.  Reconceptualizing Users as Social Actors in Information Systems Research , 2003, MIS Q..

[70]  Tuure Tuunanen,et al.  A Method for Recruitment of Lead users from Virtual Communities to Innovate IT Enabled Services for Consumers in Global Markets , 2011, Pac. Asia J. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[71]  Tuure Tuunanen,et al.  Extending Critical Success Factors Methodology to Facilitate Broadly Participative Information Systems Planning , 2003, J. Manag. Inf. Syst..

[72]  Robert Winter,et al.  Design science research in Europe , 2008 .

[73]  Robert W. Zmud,et al.  A Synthesis of Research on Requirements Analysis and Knowledge Acquisition Techniques , 1992, MIS Q..

[74]  Ian Sommerville,et al.  Social analysis in the requirements engineering process: from ethnography to method , 1999, Proceedings IEEE International Symposium on Requirements Engineering (Cat. No.PR00188).

[75]  D. Robey,et al.  Cultural analysis of the organizational consequences of information technology , 1994 .

[76]  Balaji Rajagopalan,et al.  Knowledge Sharing as Social Exchange: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis , 2012, Pac. Asia J. Assoc. Inf. Syst..

[77]  Alan R. Hevner,et al.  POSITIONING AND PRESENTING DESIGN SCIENCE RESEARCH FOR MAXIMUM IMPACT 1 , 2013 .

[78]  Peter Cudd,et al.  A discussion of systematic user requirements gathering from a population who require assistive technology , 2012 .

[79]  J. H. Ward.  Hierarchical Grouping to Optimize an Objective Function , 1963 .

[80]  G. Kelly.  The Psychology of Personal Constructs , 2020 .

[81]  Alan R. Hevner,et al.  Design Science in Information Systems Research , 2004, MIS Q..

[82]  Karen Holtzblatt,et al.  Making customer-centered design work for teams , 1993, CACM.

[83]  Leena Kuure,et al.  Multiple voices in ICT design with children – a nexus analytical enquiry , 2015, Behav. Inf. Technol..

[84]  Jan Pries-Heje,et al.  A Comprehensive Framework for Evaluation in Design Science Research 1 , 2022 .

[85]  E. Rogers.  New Product Adoption and Diffusion , 1976 .

[86]  Charles Francalanza,et al.  Maltese certified public accountants and whistle-blowing: traits, influences and propensity , 2016 .

[87]  Ali Kara,et al.  Markets of a single customer: exploiting conceptual developments in market segmentation , 1997 .

[88]  Amrit Tiwana,et al.  Functionality Risk in Information Systems Development: An Empirical Investigation , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management.