The Quality of Digitized and Synthesized Speech: What Clinicians Should Know

This paper reviews factors contributing to the quality of digitized and synthesized speech. Digital recording and playback of speech generally produces highly intelligible and natural-sounding spee...

[1]  David R. Beukelman,et al.  A comparison of intelligibility among natural speech and seven speech synthesizers with listeners from three age groups , 1990 .

[2]  Geoff Bristow,et al.  Electronic Speech Synthesis , 1984 .

[3]  J. P. Egan.  Articulation testing methods , 1948, The Laryngoscope.

[4]  J. C. Steinberg,et al.  Factors Governing the Intelligibility of Speech Sounds , 1945 .

[5]  John E. Clark.  Intelligibility comparisons for two synthetic and one natural speech source , 1983 .

[6]  Louis C. W. Pols,et al.  Evaluating text-to-speech systems: Some methodological aspects , 1990, Speech Commun..

[7]  Parimala Raghavendra,et al.  Comprehension of synthetic speech with three text-to-speech systems using a sentence verification paradigm , 1993 .

[8]  G. Fairbanks.  Test of Phonemic Differentiation: The Rhyme Test , 1958 .

[9]  H. S. Venkatagiri.  Effects of rate and pitch variations on the intelligibility of synthesized speech , 1991 .

[10]  D H Klatt,et al.  Review of text-to-speech conversion for English. , 1987, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[11]  D. Pisoni,et al.  Some comparisons of intelligibility of synthetic and natural speech at different speech‐to‐noise ratios , 1982 .

[12]  Douglas D. O'Shaughnessy,et al.  Speech communication : human and machine , 1987 .

[13]  J Reichle,et al.  The intelligibility of synthesized speech: ECHO II versus VOTRAX. , 1987, Journal of speech and hearing research.

[14]  Jeff Sigafoos,et al.  Initial comparison of the efficiency of a variety of AAC systems for ordering meals in fast food restaurants , 1991 .

[15]  D B Pisoni,et al.  Comprehension of Synthetic Speech Produced by Rule: Word Monitoring and Sentence-by-Sentence Listening Times , 1991, Human factors.

[16]  Donald Fucci,et al.  Synthetic speech intelligibility under several experimental conditions , 1995 .

[17]  Rodney W. Johnson,et al.  Letter-to-sound rules for automatic translation of english text to phonetics , 1976 .

[18]  L H Nakatani,et al.  A sensitive test of speech communication quality. , 1973, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[19]  D.B. Pisoni,et al.  Perception of synthetic speech generated by rule , 1985, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[20]  Peter No,et al.  Digital Coding of Waveforms , 1986 .

[21]  Horabail S. Venkatagiri,et al.  Techniques for Enhancing Communication Productivity in AAC , 1995 .

[22]  Douglas D. O'Shaughnessy,et al.  Diphone speech synthesis , 1988, Speech Commun..

[23]  Linda J. Ferrier,et al.  Clinical study of a dysarthric adult using a touch talker with words strategy , 1991 .

[24]  Ian H. Witten.  Principles of computer speech , 1982 .

[25]  Janet E. Cahn.  Generating expression in synthesized speech , 1989 .

[26]  T. Feustel,et al.  Capacity Demands in Short-Term Memory for Synthetic and .Natural Speech , 1983, Human factors.

[27]  David B Pisoni,et al.  Comprehension of natural and synthetic speech: effects of predictability on the verification of sentences controlled for intelligibility. , 1987, Computer speech & language.

[28]  David B Pisoni,et al.  Perception of synthetic speech produced automatically by rule: Intelligibility of eight text-to-speech systems , 1986, Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.

[29]  H. K. Dunn,et al.  Statistical Measurements on Conversational Speech , 1940 .

[30]  D B Pisoni,et al.  Segmental intelligibility of synthetic speech produced by rule. , 1989, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[31]  David R. Beukelman,et al.  A comparison of speech synthesis intelligibility with listeners from three age groups , 1987 .

[32]  E C Schwab,et al.  Some Effects of Training on the Perception of Synthetic Speech , 1985, Human factors.

[33]  D. Jeffery Higginbotham,et al.  Discourse comprehension of synthetic speech delivered at normal and slow presentation rates , 1994 .

[34]  J. Allen,et al.  Synthesis of speech from unrestricted text , 1976, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[35]  Gunnar Fant,et al.  Acoustic Theory Of Speech Production , 1960 .

[36]  A M Liberman,et al.  Perception of the speech code. , 1967, Psychological review.

[37]  D R Beukelman,et al.  Synthetic and natural speech preferences of male and female listeners in four age groups. , 1989, Journal of speech and hearing research.

[38]  Thomas W. Parsons,et al.  Voice and Speech Processing , 1986 .

[39]  H. S. Venkatagiri,et al.  Effect of sentence length and exposure on the intelligibility of synthesized speech , 1994 .

[40]  Horabail S. Venkatagiri,et al.  Digital speech synthesis: Tutorial , 1995 .

[41]  P. J. Hutton,et al.  Speech Synthesis and Recognition Systems , 1987 .

[42]  Gregg C. Vanderheiden,et al.  Communication, Control, and Computer Access for Disabled and Elderly Individuals. ResourceBook 4: Update to Books 1, 2, and 3. , 1987 .

[43]  W. Daumer.  Subjective Evaluation of Several Efficient Speech Coders , 1982, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[44]  David B. Pisoni,et al.  Text-to-speech: the mitalk system , 1987 .

[45]  K. D. Kryter,et al.  ARTICULATION-TESTING METHODS: CONSONANTAL DIFFERENTIATION WITH A CLOSED-RESPONSE SET. , 1965, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[46]  David R. Beukelman,et al.  Age and gender preferences for synthetic and natural speech , 1990 .

[47]  David McNaughton,et al.  Effect of repeated listening experiences on the intelligibility of synthesized speech , 1994 .