Optimisation and comparison of integrated models of direct-drive linear machines for wave energy conversion

Combined electrical and structural models of five types of permanent magnet linear electrical machines suitable for direct-drive power take-off in wave energy applications are presented. Electromagnetic models were developed using polynomial approximation to finite element analysis results. The structural models are based on simple beam theory, other classical techniques, and automated finite element analysis formulations. The machine models have been integrated with a time-domain model of a wave energy converter based on a heaving buoy. They have then been optimised using a genetic algorithm approach, using a score based primarily on the amortised cost per unit of energy production. The optimised designs have then been used for a comparison of the economic performance of the generator types.

[1]  Jiabin Wang,et al.  A general framework for the analysis and design of tubular linear permanent magnet machines , 1999 .

[2]  I. Boldea.  Switched Reluctance Generators and Their Control , 2015 .

[3]  I.A. Ivanova,et al.  Simulation of wave-energy converter with octagonal linear generator , 2005, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.

[4]  W. Pierson,et al.  A proposed spectral form for fully developed wind seas based on the similarity theory of S , 1964 .

[5]  Alexandra A E Price,et al.  New Perspectives on Wave Energy Converter Control , 2009 .

[6]  D. Howe,et al.  Design optimisation and comparison of tubular permanent magnet machine topologies , 2001 .

[7]  Markus Mueller,et al.  Structural mass in direct-drive permanent magnet electrical generators , 2008 .

[8]  Richard J. Hanson,et al.  Algorithm 587: Two Algorithms for the Linearly Constrained Least Squares Problem , 1982, TOMS.

[9]  Jacques Periaux,et al.  Genetic Algorithms in Engineering and Computer Science , 1996 .

[10]  Nick J. Baker,et al.  Direct drive electrical power take-off for offshore marine energy converters , 2005 .

[11]  John D. Williams,et al.  Ion Thruster Grid Design Using an Evolutionary Algorithm , 2010 .

[12]  Hany M Hasanien,et al.  Design Optimization of Transverse Flux Linear Motor for Weight Reduction and Performance Improvement Using Response Surface Methodology and Genetic Algorithms , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[13]  Gene H. Golub,et al.  Netlib and NA-Net: Building a Scientific Computing Community , 2008, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing.

[14]  W. Cummins.  THE IMPULSE RESPONSE FUNCTION AND SHIP MOTIONS , 2010 .

[15]  Jiabin Wang,et al.  Design optimization of radially magnetized, iron-cored, tubular permanent-magnet machines and drive systems , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

[16]  E. R. Jefferys.  Simulation of wave power devices , 1984 .

[17]  R. L. Stoll.  The analysis of eddy currents , 1974 .

[18]  T. Thorpe.  A Brief Review of Wave Energy , 1999 .

[19]  T.A. Lipo,et al.  Experimental evaluation of a doubly-fed linear generator for ocean wave energy applications , 2011, 2011 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.

[20]  Petr Krysl,et al.  A Pragmatic Introduction to the Finite Element Method for Thermal And Stress Analysis: With the Matlab Toolkit Sofea , 2006 .

[21]  W. Fu,et al.  A dynamic core loss model for soft ferromagnetic and power ferrite materials in transient finite element analysis , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

[22]  Johannes Falnes,et al.  A REVIEW OF WAVE-ENERGY EXTRACTION , 2007 .

[23]  M. Leijon,et al.  Flux Distribution in Linear Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machines Including Longitudinal End Effects , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

[24]  R R Clements,et al.  Modern Engineering Mathematics , 1992 .

[25]  E. Spooner,et al.  Spreadsheet design of electrical machines using fe models of random examples , 2000 .

[26]  H. Polinder,et al.  Optimization of Multibrid Permanent-Magnet Wind Generator Systems , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[27]  António F.O. Falcão,et al.  Modelling and control of oscillating-body wave energy converters with hydraulic power take-off and gas accumulator , 2007 .

[28]  Ian Bryden,et al.  Influence of a quadratic power take-off on the behaviour of a self-contained inertial referenced wave energy converter , 2012 .

[29]  Han Li,et al.  Application research based on improved genetic algorithm for optimum design of power transformers , 2001, ICEMS'2001. Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (IEEE Cat. No.01EX501).

[30]  F. M. Bruce,et al.  The Electromagnetic Field in its Engineering Aspects , 1954 .

[31]  Chu-Sun Yen,et al.  Time-domain skin-effect model for transient analysis of lossy transmission lines , 1982, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[32]  Ozan Keysan,et al.  Design and Testing of a Linear Generator for Wave-Energy Applications , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[33]  Pcj Clifton,et al.  Design and commissioning of a 30 kW direct drive wave generator , 2010 .

[34]  M. Kamper,et al.  Design Aspects of a Novel Topology Air-Cored Permanent Magnet Linear Generator for Direct Drive Wave Energy Converters , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[35]  A.G. Jack,et al.  Linear generators for direct-drive wave energy conversion , 2003, IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference, 2003. IEMDC'03..

[36]  M. Leijon,et al.  Multiphysics simulation of wave energy to electric energy conversion by permanent magnet linear generator , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[37]  Markus Mueller,et al.  Integrated structural and electromagnetic design of direct drive linear machines for wave energy. , 2012 .

[38]  J. Falnes.  Ocean Waves and Oscillating Systems: Linear Interactions Including Wave-Energy Extraction , 2002 .

[39]  H. Polinder,et al.  Linear PM Generator system for wave energy conversion in the AWS , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[40]  Sadegh Vaez-Zadeh,et al.  Multiobjective design optimization of air-core linear permanent-magnet synchronous motors for improved thrust and low magnet consumption , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics.

[41]  M. Leijon,et al.  Experimental results from sea trials of an offshore wave energy system , 2007 .

[42]  Nick J. Baker,et al.  Permanent magnet air-cored tubular linear generator for marine energy converters. , 2004 .

[43]  Nick J. Baker,et al.  Linear generators for direct drive marine renewable energy converters , 2003 .

[44]  Joseph Prudell,et al.  Comparison of Direct-Drive Power Takeoff Systems for Ocean Wave Energy Applications , 2012, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering.

[45]  Charles R. Sullivan,et al.  Computationally efficient winding loss calculation with multiple windings, arbitrary waveforms, and two-dimensional or three-dimensional field geometry , 2001 .

[46]  Henk Polinder,et al.  Design, modelling and test results of the AWS PM linear generator , 2005 .

[47]  T.A. Lipo,et al.  Design and optimization of a novel hybrid transverse / longitudinal flux, wound-field linear machine for ocean wave energy conversion , 2009, 2009 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.

[48]  Peter J. Fleming,et al.  The MATLAB genetic algorithm toolbox , 1995 .

[49]  Annette R. Grilli,et al.  Experimental And Numerical Study of Spar Buoy-magnet/spring Oscillators Used As Wave Energy Absorbers , 2007 .

[50]  Alain H. Clément,et al.  Absorption of outgoing waves in a numerical wave tank using a self-adaptive boundary condition , 2000 .

[51]  C. J. Taylor,et al.  Multi-objective evolutionary optimisation of the geometry of a class of controlled wave energy converter , 2010 .