Evidence and anecdotes: an analysis of human gene patenting controversies

When it comes to gene patenting, policy makers may be responding more to high-profile media controversies than to systematic data about the issues.

[1]  Wesley M. Cohen,et al.  View from the Bench: Patents and Material Transfers , 2005, Science.

[2]  S. Hilgartner,et al.  Data withholding in academic genetics: evidence from a national survey. , 2002, JAMA.

[3]  Wesley M. Cohen,et al.  Working Through the Patent Problem , 2003, Science.

[4]  Stephen Hilgartner,et al.  Data Withholding in Genetics and the Other Life Sciences: Prevalences and Predictors , 2006, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[5]  R. Cook-Deegan,et al.  The licensing of DNA patents by US academic institutions: an empirical survey , 2006, Nature Biotechnology.

[6]  Melissa S. Anderson,et al.  Data Withholding and the Next Generation of Scientists: Results of a National Survey , 2006, Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges.

[7]  E. Zimmeren,et al.  Reshaping Belgian patent law : the revision of the research exemption and the introduction of a compulsory license for public health , 2006 .

[8]  D. Istance.  Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development , 1966, Nature.

[9]  M. Heller,et al.  Can Patents Deter Innovation? The Anticommons in Biomedical Research , 1998, Science.

[10]  R. Nelson.  The market economy, and the scientific commons , 2004 .

[11]  R. Nelson,et al.  On the Complex Economics of Patent Scope , 1990 .

[12]  Elio Rossi,et al.  Policy , 2007, Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM.

[13]  F. Scott Kieff,et al.  Facilitating Scientific Research: Intellectual Property Rights and the Norms of Science - A Response to Rai and Eisenberg , 2000 .

[14]  Mildred K Cho,et al.  Effects of patents and licenses on the provision of clinical genetic testing services. , 2003, The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD.

[15]  A. Berkowitz,et al.  The gene patenting controversy: a convergence of law, economic interests, and ethics. , 2001, Brooklyn law review.

[16]  Fiona Murray,et al.  Intellectual Property Landscape of the Human Genome , 2005, Science.

[17]  M. D. Wilkinson,et al.  Management science , 1989, British Dental Journal.

[18]  Jane Nielsen,et al.  Patents and Medical Biotechnology: An Empirical Analysis of Issues Facing the Australian Industry , 2003 .

[19]  D. Resnik.  DNA Patents and Human Dignity , 2001, Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics.

[20]  Jeremy M. Grushcow,et al.  Measuring Secrecy: A Cost of the Patent System Revealed , 2004, The Journal of Legal Studies.

[21]  C. Gross,et al.  Scope and impact of financial conflicts of interest in biomedical research: a systematic review. , 2003, JAMA.

[22]  Stephen A Merrill,et al.  Reaping the Benefits of Genomic and Proteomic Research: Intellectual Property Rights, Innovation, and Public Health , 2006 .

[23]  D. Grimm.  A Mouse for Every Gene , 2006, Science.

[24]  B. Williams-Jones.  History of a gene patent: tracing the development and application of commercial BRCA testing. , 2002, Health law journal.

[25]  Policy Conflicts: Gene Patents and Health Care in Canada , 2005, Public Health Genomics.

[26]  Wesley M. Cohen,et al.  The patenting and licensing of research tools and biomedical innovation , 2002 .

[27]  Rebecca Henderson,et al.  Special Issue on University Entrepreneurship and Technology Transfer: Putting Patents in Context: Exploring Knowledge Transfer from MIT , 2002, Manag. Sci..

[28]  S. Scotchmer,et al.  Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: Cumulative Research and the Patent Law , 1991 .

[29]  P. David.  Can ‘Open Science’ be Protected from the Evolving Regime of IPR Protections? , 2004 .

[30]  E. Maskin,et al.  The Simple Economics of Research Portfolios , 1987 .

[31]  R. Eisenberg.  Patent Swords and Shields , 2003, Science.

[32]  Jon Cohen.  Chiron Stakes Out Its Territory , 1999, Science.

[33]  Melissa S. Anderson,et al.  Withholding research results in academic life science. Evidence from a national survey of faculty. , 1997, JAMA.

[34]  Jon F. Merz,et al.  Diagnostic testing fails the test , 2002, Nature.