A low temperature hydrogen sensor based on palladium nanoparticles

Abstract Palladium nanoparticles were synthesized by employing Polyol solution chemistry technique. In this method ethylene glycol was used to reduce sodium tetrachloropalladate at 100 °C in presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to yield ∼10 nm sized particles, which was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. Thin films of the synthesized nanoparticles on glass substrates were characterized by glancing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to check crystallinity and surface morphology, respectively. Both TEM and GIXRD results support the faceted geometry of nanoparticles. Resistive sensor devices were fabricated with palladium films on glass substrates by laying fine silver paste lines in the form of interdigitated fingers. The hydrogen sensor studies at different temperatures (35–75 °C) with gas concentrations (0.1–1%) in nitrogen revealed a dual response trend. The device resistance increased slightly and then decreased sharply upon exposure to hydrogen in nitrogen. Optimum response was obtained at 50 °C, with response time (t90) of 3 s in 1000 ppm hydrogen in nitrogen. Similar studies in air showed only increase in resistance. The data reveal the decrease in response time with the decrease in hydrogen concentration, which is an optimistic result from application viewpoint. Detailed analysis of the results along with the selectivity studies has been presented.

[1]  Roya Maboudian,et al.  Palladium nanostructures from galvanic displacement as hydrogen peroxide sensor , 2010 .

[2]  G. Korotcenkov.  Gas response control through structural and chemical modification of metal oxide films: state of the art and approaches , 2005 .

[3]  M. Mabuchi,et al.  Hydrogen Storage Properties of Nanoporous Palladium Fabricated by Dealloying , 2010 .

[4]  F. A. Lewis,et al.  The Palladium-Hydrogen System , 1967, Platinum Metals Review.

[5]  F. Kruis,et al.  Concentration-specific hydrogen sensing behavior in monosized Pd nanoparticle layers , 2009, Nanotechnology.

[6]  Wei-Jun Zhang,et al.  A novel and simple approach for synthesis of palladium nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes for sensitive hydrogen peroxide detection. , 2012, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[7]  Joseph M. McLellan,et al.  Kinetically controlled synthesis of triangular and hexagonal nanoplates of palladium and their SPR/SERS properties. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[8]  L. J. Pilione,et al.  Hydrogen sensors: Role of palladium thin film morphology , 2007 .

[9]  S. Bhansali,et al.  Concentration specific detection of hydrogen at room temperature using palladium nanoparticles-nafion film , 2010 .

[10]  Ingemar Lundström,et al.  Catalytic metals and field-effect devices—a useful combination , 1990 .

[11]  S. Jiang,et al.  Highly Ordered Pd Nanowire Arrays as Effective Electrocatalysts for Ethanol Oxidation in Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells , 2007 .

[12]  Sung-Jin Kim,et al.  Ultra-sensitive hydrogen gas sensors based on Pd-decorated tin dioxide nanostructures: Room temperat , 2010 .

[13]  A. Spetz,et al.  Nanoparticles for long-term stable, more selective MISiCFET gas sensors , 2005 .

[14]  Jie Fu,et al.  Hydrogen sensing performance of electrodeposited conoidal palladium nanowire and nanotube arrays , 2009 .

[15]  Guozhong Cao,et al.  Nanostructures & nanomaterials : synthesis, properties & applications , 2004 .

[16]  M. Lang,et al.  Long-term stability of a MEIS low energy hydrogen sensor , 2013 .

[17]  R. Breinbauer,et al.  Suzuki and Heck reactions catalyzed by preformed palladium clusters and palladiumnickel bimetallic clusters , 1996 .

[18]  Ji-Beom Yoo,et al.  Flexible hydrogen sensors using graphene with palladium nanoparticle decoration , 2012 .

[19]  Scott R. Hunter,et al.  Rapid response microsensor for hydrogen detection using nanostructured palladium films , 2010 .

[20]  S. Basu,et al.  Pd sensitized porous silicon hydrogen sensor—Influence of ZnO thin film , 2010 .

[21]  S. K. Hazra,et al.  Anodically grown nanocrystalline titania thin film for hydrogen gas sensors—A comparative study of planar and MAIM device configurations , 2013 .

[22]  R. C. Hughes,et al.  Thin films of Pd/Ni alloys for detection of high hydrogen concentrations , 1992 .

[23]  Eduardo M. Bringa,et al.  Hydrogen absorption in Pd nanoparticles of different shapes , 2012 .

[24]  A. Hulanicki,et al.  Organic palladium and palladium-magnesium chemical modifiers in direct determination of lead in fractions from distillation of crude oil by electrothermal atomic absorption analysis , 1999 .

[25]  Zainuriah Hassan,et al.  A high-sensitivity room-temperature hydrogen gas sensor based on oblique and vertical ZnO nanorod arrays , 2013 .

[26]  Yasushi Goto,et al.  A study of fast response characteristics for hydrogen sensing with platinum FET sensor , 2006 .

[27]  Surface Electronic Properties of Discontinuous Pd Films during Hydrogen Exposure , 2011 .

[28]  Qiuyu Zhang,et al.  Supported nanosized palladium on superparamagnetic composite microspheres as an efficient catalyst for Heck reaction , 2010 .

[29]  Satoshi Ohara,et al.  Palladium–polyelectrolyte hybrid nanoparticles for hydrogen sensor in fuel cells , 2009 .

[30]  Sung-Jin Kim,et al.  Highly sensitive hydrogen gas sensors using single-walled carbon nanotubes grafted with Pd nanoparticles , 2010 .

[31]  K. Iyer,et al.  Bare palladium nano-rosettes for real-time high-performance and facile hydrogen sensing , 2010 .

[32]  P. Bhattacharyya,et al.  Recent developments on graphene and graphene oxide based solid state gas sensors , 2012 .

[33]  Min Han,et al.  Response behavior of a palladium nanoparticle array based hydrogen sensor in hydrogen–nitrogen mixture , 2012 .

[34]  Fan Yang,et al.  Fast, sensitive hydrogen gas detection using single palladium nanowires that resist fracture. , 2009, Nano letters.

[35]  G. Chung,et al.  Fast response hydrogen sensors based on palladium and platinum/porous 3C-SiC Schottky diodes , 2011 .

[36]  C. Zhang,et al.  Preparation of highly selective, sensitive and stable hydrogen sensors based on Pd-doped tungsten trioxide , 2010 .

[37]  T. Hayakawa,et al.  Chemical synthesis and characterization of palladium nanoparticles , 2010 .

[38]  B. Keita,et al.  Supramolecular self-assembly of amphiphiles on carbon nanotubes: a versatile strategy for the construction of CNT/metal nanohybrids, application to electrocatalysis. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[39]  Gang Chen,et al.  Size effects on the hydrogen storage properties of nanostructured metal hydrides: A review , 2007 .

[40]  Thomas Hirsch,et al.  Hydrogen sensor based on a graphene - palladium nanocomposite , 2011 .

[41]  Subramanian Krishnan,et al.  Pd Nanoparticles and Thin Films for Room Temperature Hydrogen Sensor , 2009, Nanoscale research letters.

[42]  B. Cullity,et al.  Elements of X-ray diffraction , 1957 .

[43]  R. Chandra,et al.  Studies on hydrogen sensing properties of nanostructured Pd and Pd/Mg thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition , 2013 .

[44]  Shekhar Bhansali,et al.  Development of a highly sensitive porous Si-based hydrogen sensor using Pd nano-structures , 2005 .

[45]  F. Favier,et al.  Palladium mesowire arrays for fast hydrogen sensors and hydrogen-actuated switches. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[46]  R. Pleixats,et al.  Formation of carbon--carbon bonds under catalysis by transition-metal nanoparticles. , 2003, Accounts of chemical research.