Principles that determine the structure of proteins.

PERSPECTIVES AND SUMMARy 538 CONFORMATION OF HELICES, PLEATED SHEETS, AND SIDE CHAINS 539 Hydrogen Bonds 539 IX Helices : 539 Left-Handed IX Helices, Polyproline Helices, and Turns 540 P Sheets: Twisting and Coiling 540 P Sheets: P Bends and P Bulges 541 Side Chains 542 CLOSE PACKING IN PROTEINS 544 Protein I nteriors 544 Protei?"! Surfaces 546 PACKING OF IX HELICES AND P SHEETS 546' Packing of Ct Helices 547 IX-Helix-p-Sheet Packing 549 Packing of P Sheets 552 Residue Composition and Packing in p Sheets 556 CHAIN TOPOWGY IN PROTEINS 557 CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEIN STRUCTURES 559 PROTEIN STABILITY: HYDROGEN BONDS, HYDROPHOBICITY, AND SURFACE AREAS 560 Hydrogen Bonds 560 Hydrophobicity and Surface Areas 561 Residue Surfaces and Environments 562 Secondary-Structure Surfaces and Residue Composition 564 Chemical Character of Buried and Accessible Surfaces 564 Extent of the Accessible and Buried Surfaces 565 Surfaces Buried Between Protein Subunits 566