The Conversion of Fructose and Glucose in Acidic Media: Formation of Hydroxymethylfurfural

The effects of several variables on the reactions of fructose and glucose in acidic media have been studied at moderate reaction conditions. Glucose gives rise to the reversible formation of oligosaccharides (reversion products). Fructose was dehydrated into mixtures of hydroxymethylfurfural, levulinic acid, and humines. In addition, substantial reversible dimerisation of fructose occurred in acidic aqueous solutions. The dimerisation equilibrium, which is shifted by a decrease in the water concentration, lowers the concentration of reactive fructose thereby affecting the selectivity of the dehydration process. p-Toluenesulfonic acid proved to be the most effective catalyst for the formation of HMF from fructose. No specific salt effects were found for the hydrochloric acid catalyzed dehydration of fructose.

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