The Architecture and Design of Organizational Capabilities

This article considers how ideas from evolutionary theory in general, and Sidney Winter in particular, can be fruitfully combined with ideas from Herbert Simon and the Carnegie tradition on decomposability and cognitive limits. Rather than focusing on any one individual issue, this article outlines a research program on the architecture and design of organizational capabilities. Such a program can help us explain how labor is divided and organized within and between firms and can consider the implications of the division of labor for the process of capability development. Extensions to this emerging research program are proposed: The emergence and evolution of intra- and inter-organizational boundaries, the implications of such boundaries for different types of capabilities and for the knowledge accumulation process, and the design of firms' architecture to support adaptation and change are all briefly discussed. Copyright 2006, Oxford University Press.

[1]  Oliver E. Williamson,et al.  The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting . By Oliver E. Williamson. (New York: Free Press, 1985. Pp. 450. $27.95.) , 1986 .

[2]  S. Winter,et al.  The Co-evolution of Capabilities and Transaction Costs: Explaining the Institutional Structure of Production , 2005 .

[3]  S. Winter Understanding dynamic capabilities , 2003 .

[4]  Colin Camerer Behavioural studies of strategic thinking in games , 2003, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[5]  Giovanni Gavetti,et al.  Cognition and Hierarchy: Rethinking the Microfoundations of Capabilities' Development , 2005, Organ. Sci..

[6]  Cynthia A. Montgomery,et al.  Resource-Based and Evolutionary Theories of the Firm: Towards A Synthesis , 2012 .

[7]  Colin Camerer,et al.  Coordination, Organizational Boundaries and Fads in Business Practices , 1996 .

[8]  Graham Winch,et al.  Organization and Management in an Anglo‐French Consortium: The Case of Transmanche‐Link , 2000 .

[9]  S. Winter Economic "Natural Selection" and the Theory of the Firm , 1964 .

[10]  A. Tversky,et al.  Subjective Probability: A Judgment of Representativeness , 1972 .

[11]  E. Johnsen Richard M. Cyert & James G. March, A Behavioral Theory of The Firm, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1963, 332 s. , 1964 .

[12]  Michael E. Porter,et al.  The Role of Location in Competition , 1994 .

[13]  M. Feldman,et al.  Reconceptualizing Organizational Routines as a Source of Flexibility and Change , 2003 .

[14]  Constantinos C. Markides,et al.  All the Right Moves: A Guide to Crafting Breakthrough Strategy , 1999 .

[15]  H. Simon,et al.  A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice , 1955 .

[16]  N. Foss Knowledge-Based Approaches to the Theory of the Firm: Some Critical Comments , 1996 .

[17]  Sidney G. Winter,et al.  Specialised Perception, Selection, and Strategic Surprise: Learning from the Moths and Bees , 2004 .

[18]  Kathleen M. Eisenhardt,et al.  Architectural Innovation and Modular Corporate Forms , 2001 .

[19]  HERBERT A. SIMON,et al.  The Architecture of Complexity , 1991 .

[20]  Warren P. Seering,et al.  THE INFLUENCE OF ARCHITECTURE IN ENGINEERING SYSTEMS , 2004 .

[21]  Giovanni Dosi,et al.  The nature and dynamics of organizational capabilities , 2001 .

[22]  Alfred D. Chandler Organizational Capabilities and the Economic History of the Industrial Enterprise , 1992 .

[23]  Maurizio Zollo,et al.  Deliberate Learning and the Evolution of Dynamic Capabilities , 2002 .

[24]  高橋 進 サイアート, マーチの「A Behavioral Theory of the Firm」 , 1995 .

[25]  J. Acton An Evaluation of Economists' Influence on Electric Utility Rate Reforms , 1982 .

[26]  Giovanni Dosi,et al.  A Very Reasonable Objective Still Beyond Our Reach: Economics as an Empirically Disciplined Social Science , 2002 .

[27]  M. Jacobides,et al.  The Dynamic Limits of Specialization: Vertical Integration Reconsidered , 2005 .

[28]  Daniel A. Levinthal,et al.  MODULARITY AND INNOVATION IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS. , 2002 .

[29]  Charles Williams,et al.  Focusing Firm Evolution: The Impact of Information Infrastructure on Market Entry by U.S. Telecommunications Companies, 1984 - 1998 , 2004, Manag. Sci..

[30]  J. Schumpeter The Creative Response in Economic History , 1947, The Journal of Economic History.

[31]  Sidney G. Winter,et al.  Satisficing, Selection, and the Innovating Remnant , 1971 .

[32]  Giovanni Dosi,et al.  The structure of problem-solving knowledge and the structure of organisations , 2000 .

[33]  Joseph L. Bower,et al.  From resource allocation to strategy , 2005 .

[34]  Alfred Dupont Chandler,et al.  战略与结构 : 美国工商企业成长的若干篇章=strategy and structure : chapters in the history of the American industrial enterprise , 1962 .

[35]  Sidney G. Winter,et al.  The satisficing principle in capability learning , 2000 .

[36]  M. Jacobides Industry Change Through Vertical Dis-Integration: How and Why Markets Emerged in Mortgage Banking , 2004 .

[37]  Paul R. Milgrom,et al.  Economics, Organization and Management , 1992 .

[38]  Constance E. Helfat,et al.  Inter‐temporal economies of scope, organizational modularity, and the dynamics of diversification , 2004 .

[39]  Herbert A. Simon,et al.  The Sciences of the Artificial , 1970 .

[40]  Kim B. Clark,et al.  Design Rules: The Power of Modularity , 2000 .

[41]  Daniel A. Levinthal,et al.  Modularity and Innovation in Complex Systems , 2002, Manag. Sci..

[42]  Constance E. Helfat The SMS Blackwell handbook of organizational capabilities : emergence, development, and change , 2003 .

[43]  L. A. Goodman,et al.  Social Choice and Individual Values , 1951 .

[44]  D. Dougherty Interpretive Barriers to Successful Product Innovation in Large Firms , 1992 .

[45]  K. R. Conner,et al.  A Resource-Based Theory of the Firm: Knowledge Versus Opportunism , 1996 .

[46]  D. Teece,et al.  DYNAMIC CAPABILITIES AND STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT , 1997 .

[47]  H. Belloc The Free Press , 2002 .

[48]  Richard N. Langlois,et al.  FRANK KNIGHT ON RISK, UNCERTAINTY, AND THE FIRM: A NEW INTERPRETATION , 1993 .

[49]  D Kahneman,et al.  On the reality of cognitive illusions. , 1996, Psychological review.

[50]  H. Simon,et al.  An Empirically Based Microeconomics , 1997 .

[51]  T. Schelling,et al.  The Strategy of Conflict. , 1961 .

[52]  R. Merton Social Theory and Social Structure , 1958 .

[53]  D. Teece Profiting from technological innovation: Implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy , 1993 .

[54]  Kathleen M. Eisenhardt,et al.  CONSTRUCTING MARKETS AND ORGANIZING BOUNDARIES: ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTION IN NASCENT FIELDS. , 2004 .

[55]  S. Winter,et al.  Entrepreneurship and Firm Boundaries: The Theory of a Firm , 2005 .

[56]  Robert A. Burgelman Intraorganizational Ecology of Strategy Making and Organizational Adaptation: Theory and Field Research , 1991 .

[57]  Kim B. Clark,et al.  Architectural Innovation: The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies and the Failure of , 1990 .

[58]  Nicolaj Siggelkow,et al.  Why Focus? A Study of Intra-Industry Focus Effects , 1998 .

[59]  W. Ocasio TOWARDS AN ATTENTION-BASED VIEW OF THE FIRM , 1997 .

[60]  M. Jacobides Playing Football in a Soccer Field: Value Chain Structures, Institutional Modularity and Foreign Expansion , 2005 .

[61]  Aleksei Savatyugin,et al.  The History of Economic Analysis , 2002 .

[62]  Sidney G. Winter,et al.  Schumpeterian Competition in Alternative Technological Regimes , 1983 .

[63]  Raimar Richers The theory of economic development , 1961 .

[64]  Kim B. Clark,et al.  Between "Knowledge" and "the Economy": Notes on the Scientific Study of Designs , 2006 .

[65]  Kathleen M. Eisenhardt,et al.  Special Issue: Frontiers of Organization Science, Part 2 of 2: Organizational Boundaries and Theories of Organization , 2005, Organ. Sci..

[66]  Robert G. Eccles,et al.  Price and Authority in Inter-Profit Center Transactions , 1988, American Journal of Sociology.

[67]  M. Jacobides,et al.  Benefiting from Innovation: Value Creation, Value Appropriation and the Role of Industry Architectures , 2006 .

[68]  Bengt Holmstrom The Firm as a Subeconomy , 1999 .

[69]  Paul Almeida,et al.  Are Firms Superior to Alliances and Markets? An Empirical Test of Cross-Border Knowledge Building , 2002, Organ. Sci..

[70]  AnnaLee Saxenian,et al.  Silicon Valley's New Immigrant Entrepreneurs , 1999 .

[71]  Nicolaj Siggelkow,et al.  Why Focus? A Study Of Intra-Industry Focus Effects: INTRA-INDUSTRY FOCUS EFFECTS , 2003 .

[72]  Sidney G. Winter,et al.  FOUR Rs OF PROFITABILITY: RENTS, RESOURCES, ROUTINES, AND REPLICATION , 1995 .

[73]  Stephan Billinger,et al.  Special Issue: Organizational Design: Designing the Boundaries of the Firm: From "Make, Buy, or Ally" to the Dynamic Benefits of Vertical Architecture , 2006, Organ. Sci..

[74]  M. Allais Le comportement de l'homme rationnel devant le risque : critique des postulats et axiomes de l'ecole americaine , 1953 .

[75]  S. Lippman,et al.  A BARGAINING PERSPECTIVE ON RESOURCE ADVANTAGE , 2003 .

[76]  W. J. Baumol Book Review: A Behavioral Theory of the Firm , 1964 .

[77]  B. Kogut,et al.  What Firms Do? Coordination, Identity, and Learning , 1996 .

[78]  Daniel A. Levinthal,et al.  Looking Forward and Looking Backward: Cognitive and Experiential Search , 2000 .

[79]  M. Shubik,et al.  A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. , 1964 .

[80]  Daniel A. Levinthal Adaptation on rugged landscapes , 1997 .

[81]  S. Winter,et al.  The Schumpeterian Tradeoff Revisited , 1982 .

[82]  Daniel A. Levinthal,et al.  Strategy making in novel and complex worlds: the power of analogy , 2005 .

[83]  R. Rumelt Towards a Strategic Theory of the Firm , 1984 .

[84]  Richard N. Langlois,et al.  Firms, Markets and Economic Change: A dynamic Theory of Business Institutions , 1995 .

[85]  D. Leonard-Barton CORE CAPABILITIES AND CORE RIGIDITIES: A PARADOX IN MANAGING NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT , 1992 .

[86]  G. Allison,et al.  Essence of Decision , 1971 .

[87]  D. MacKenzie,et al.  The use of knowledge about society , 2008 .

[88]  Thorbjørn Knudsen,et al.  Two Faces of Search: Alternative Generation and Alternative Evaluation , 2007, Organ. Sci..

[89]  Giovanni Dosi,et al.  Division of labor, organizational coordination and market mechanisms in collective problem-solving , 2005 .

[90]  Joel A. C. Baum,et al.  Evolutionary dynamics of organizations , 1996 .