Observing the state of a synchronous generator Part 2. Applications

New portional and proportional-integral observers that estimate the transient state of a synchronous generator are presented. The transient-state model of a generator is represented by a set of non-linear differential equations. Observers for four synchronous generators are given. Digital computer simulation for three types of generators S" = 3125 MVA, 432 MVA and 555 MVA confirms that the non-linear observers estimate the state correctly not only in a local region of the equilibrium point but also in a large area which includes the typical regime of generator transient processes.