14 – Bone regeneration and repair using tissue engineering

Publisher Summary Bone is a metabolically active, highly vascularized tissue with a unique ability to regenerate without creation of a scar. The functions of bone encompass the body's physiological, structural, and biological storage demands. As such, the remarkable plasticity of this organ's ability to remodel and respond to external and internal cues is a key feature. Repair strategies for bone that rely heavily on metal and non-degradable implant materials have existed for centuries. Although able to replace the structural functions, these implants do not address the other important functions of the skeleton in maintaining ion homeostasis, storing biological factors and cues within the matrices or remodeling to the external load bearing. In addition, the lifespan of the repair is short owing to loosening of the implant and a lack of integration with the living tissue, which leads ultimately to failure. With this in mind, regenerative medicine seeks to meet all the biological functions within a repair strategy replacing metal implants with donor cells and degradable materials. This chapter describes the characteristics of bone and its ability to remodel and restructure to internal hormonal cues and external mechanical environments. It outlines some of the new strategies for tissue engineering bone; sources of donor cells and new generation smart materials and identifies the challenges and the scope for improvement in the field.

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