Optimum oxygen therapy in preterm babies

Oxygen is the most commonly used therapy in neonatal nurseries as an integral part of respiratory support. The goal of oxygen therapy is to achieve adequate delivery of oxygen to the tissue without creating oxygen toxicity. Oxygen must have been given to newborn preterm babies more than any other medicinal product in the past 60 years. Despite this, we still know very little about how much oxygen these babies actually need, or how much oxygen is safe to give, especially in the first few weeks of life. Recent observational studies have raised concerns that giving oxygen to target the saturation at “physiological” levels in newborn preterm babies may do more harm than good, but to date, clinicians have not been able to resolve the uncertainties surrounding optimum oxygen therapy.

[1]  D. Henderson-smart,et al.  Restricted versus liberal oxygen exposure for preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm or low birth weight infants. , 2009, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[2]  A. Madan,et al.  Retinopathy of Prematurity and Pulse Oximetry: A National Survey of Recent Practices , 2004, Journal of Perinatology.

[3]  W. Silverman,et al.  A cautionary tale about supplemental oxygen: the albatross of neonatal medicine. , 2004, Pediatrics.

[4]  Lois E. H. Smith.  Pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity. , 2003, Seminars in neonatology : SN.

[5]  W. Tin,et al.  The Medical Use of Oxygen , 2003, NeoReviews.

[6]  L. Irwig,et al.  Oxygen-saturation targets and outcomes in extremely preterm infants. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[7]  B. Schmidt,et al.  Impact of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, Brain Injury, and Severe Retinopathy on the Outcome of Extremely Low-Birth-Weight Infants at 18 Months: Results From the Trial of Indomethacin Prophylaxis in Preterms , 2003 .

[8]  H. Kinney,et al.  Nitrosative and Oxidative Injury to Premyelinating Oligodendrocytes in Periventricular Leukomalacia , 2003, Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology.

[9]  Lily C Chow,et al.  Can changes in clinical practice decrease the incidence of severe retinopathy of prematurity in very low birth weight infants? , 2003, Pediatrics.

[10]  O. Saugstad.  Bronchopulmonary dysplasia-oxidative stress and antioxidants. , 2003, Seminars in neonatology : SN.

[11]  W. Tin,et al.  Giving small babies oxygen: 50 years of uncertainty. , 2002, Seminars in neonatology : SN.

[12]  Leh Smith.  Pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity , 2002, Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). Supplement.

[13]  N. Paneth,et al.  Hypocapnia and Other Ventilation-Related Risk Factors for Cerebral Palsy in Low Birth Weight Infants , 2001, Pediatric Research.

[14]  W Tin,et al.  Pulse oximetry, severe retinopathy, and outcome at one year in babies of less than 28 weeks gestation , 2001, Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition.

[15]  N. Shaw,et al.  Changes in pulmonary arterial pressure in preterm infants with chronic lung disease , 2000, Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition.

[16]  J. Flynn,et al.  Supplemental Therapeutic Oxygen for Prethreshold Retinopathy Of Prematurity (STOP-ROP), a randomized, controlled trial. I: primary outcomes. , 2000, Pediatrics.

[17]  J. Brockway,et al.  Prediction of arterial partial pressure of oxygen with pulse oxygen saturation measurements. , 1998, The Journal of pediatrics.

[18]  N. Shaw,et al.  Arterial oxygen saturation profiles in healthy preterm infants , 1998, Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition.

[19]  H. Fledelius.  Central nervous system damage and retinopathy of prematurity—an ophthalmic follow‐up of prematures born in 1982‐84 , 1996, Acta paediatrica.

[20]  J R Alexander,et al.  Arterial oxygen saturation in preterm neonates without respiratory failure. , 1993, The Journal of pediatrics.

[21]  C. Rodeck,et al.  Limited role of fetal blood sampling in prediction of outcome in intrauterine growth retardation , 1990, The Lancet.

[22]  M. Walsh,et al.  Relationship of pulse oximetry to arterial oxygen tension in infants. , 1987, Critical care medicine.

[23]  D. Southall,et al.  Pulse oximeter and transcutaneous arterial oxygen measurements in neonatal and paediatric intensive care. , 1987, Archives of disease in childhood.

[24]  K. W. Cross.  Cost of preventing retrolental fibroplasia? , 1973, Lancet.

[25]  J. Haller,et al.  Lung Injury from Oxygen in Lambs: The Role of Artificial Ventilation , 1969, Anesthesiology.

[26]  W. Northway,et al.  Pulmonary disease following respirator therapy of hyaline-membrane disease. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. , 1967, The New England journal of medicine.

[27]  Kinsey Ve,et al.  Retrolental fibroplasia; cooperative study of retrolental fibroplasia and the use of oxygen. , 1956, A.M.A. archives of ophthalmology.

[28]  J. Lanman,et al.  The possibility of total elimination of retrolental fibroplasia by oxygen restriction. , 1956, Pediatrics.

[29]  N. Raimondo,et al.  [Retrolental fibroplasia and oxygen therapy]. , 1955, Bollettino d'oculistica.

[30]  A. Patz,et al.  Oxygen studies in retrolental fibroplasia. , 1953, The Proceedings of the Institute of Medicine of Chicago.

[31]  A. Patz,et al.  Studies on the effect of high oxygen administration in retrolental fibroplasia. I. Nursery observations. , 1952, American journal of ophthalmology.

[32]  P. J. Evans,et al.  Prevention of retrolental fibroplasia. , 1952, A.M.A. archives of ophthalmology.

[33]  K. Campbell.  INTENSIVE OXYGEN THERAPY AS A POSSIBLE CAUSE OF RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA: A CLINICAL APPROACH , 1951, The Medical journal of Australia.

[34]  P. Howard,et al.  RESPIRATION OF PREMATURE INFANTS: RESPONSE TO VARIATIONS OF OXYGEN AND TO INCREASED CARBON DIOXIDE IN INSPIRED AIR , 1942 .

[35]  J. Campbell.  Oxygen Administration , 1937 .

[36]  C. Scheele,et al.  Chemical Observations and Experiments on Air and Fire , 1781, The London Medical Journal.

[37]  L. Monte,et al.  [Bronchopulmonary dysplasia]. , 2005, Jornal de pediatria.

[38]  W. Tin,et al.  Early oxygen exposure and outcome at 10 years in babies of less than 28 weeks gestation , 2004 .

[39]  N. McIntosh,et al.  Hypoxic Oxygen Fluctuations Produce Less Severe Retinopathy than Hyperoxic Fluctuations in a Rat Model of Retinopathy of Prematurity , 2004, Pediatric Research.

[40]  John C. Sinclair,et al.  Effective care of the newborn infant , 1992 .

[41]  J. Flynn,et al.  A cohort study of transcutaneous oxygen tension and the incidence and severity of retinopathy of prematurity. , 1992, The New England journal of medicine.

[42]  K. Sekar,et al.  Sleep apnea and hypoxemia in recently weaned premature infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia , 1991, Pediatric pulmonology.

[43]  L. Gyllensten.  Influence of oxygen exposure on the differentiation of the cerebral cortex in growing mice. , 1959, Acta morphologica Neerlando-Scandinavica.

[44]  A. Patz.  Oxygen studies in retrolental fibroplasia. IV. Clinical and experimental observations. , 1954, American journal of ophthalmology.

[45]  A. Lavoisier.  Expériences sur la respiration des animaux et sur les changements qui arrivent à l'air par leur poumon , 1862 .