Marching-Based Wear-Leveling for PCM-Based Storage Systems

Improving the performance of storage systems without losing the reliability and sanity/integrity of file systems is a major issue in storage system designs. In contrast to existing storage architectures, we consider a PCM-based storage architecture to enhance the reliability of storage systems. In PCM-based storage systems, the major challenge falls on how to prevent the frequently updated (meta)data from wearing out their residing PCM cells without excessively searching and moving metadata around the PCM space and without extensively updating the index structures of file systems. In this work, we propose an adaptive wear-leveling mechanism to prevent any PCM cell from being worn out prematurely by selecting appropriate data for swapping with constant search/sort cost. Meanwhile, the concept of indirect pointers is designed in the proposed mechanism to swap data without any modification to the file system's indexes. Experiments were conducted based on well-known benchmarks and realistic workloads to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed design, for which the results are encouraging.

[1]  David Woodhouse,et al.  JFFS : The Journalling Flash File System , 2001 .

[2]  Mendel Rosenblum,et al.  The design and implementation of a log-structured file system , 1991, SOSP '91.

[3]  Vijayalakshmi Srinivasan,et al.  Scalable high performance main memory system using phase-change memory technology , 2009, ISCA '09.

[4]  Onur Mutlu,et al.  Enabling Efficient and Scalable Hybrid Memories Using Fine-Granularity DRAM Cache Management , 2012, IEEE Computer Architecture Letters.

[5]  伊藤秀毅,et al.  Electric double layer capacitor , 2010 .

[6]  Jianliang Xu,et al.  PCMLogging: reducing transaction logging overhead with PCM , 2011, CIKM '11.

[7]  Dong Li,et al.  PCM-Based Durable Write Cache for Fast Disk I/O , 2012, 2012 IEEE 20th International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems.

[8]  Luis A. Lastras,et al.  PreSET: Improving performance of phase change memories by exploiting asymmetry in write times , 2012, 2012 39th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA).

[9]  Jongman Kim,et al.  A Compression-Based Hybrid MLC/SLC Management Technique for Phase-Change Memory Systems , 2012, 2012 IEEE Computer Society Annual Symposium on VLSI.

[10]  Hyunjin Lee,et al.  Flip-N-Write: A simple deterministic technique to improve PRAM write performance, energy and endurance , 2009, 2009 42nd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO).

[11]  Eunji Lee,et al.  Shortcut-JFS: A write efficient journaling file system for phase change memory , 2012, 012 IEEE 28th Symposium on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies (MSST).

[12]  Hai Zhou,et al.  Parallel CAD: Algorithm Design and Programming Special Section Call for Papers TODAES: ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems , 2010 .

[13]  Kyu Ho Park,et al.  An efficient NAND flash file system for flash memory storage , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Computers.

[14]  Tajana Simunic,et al.  PDRAM: A hybrid PRAM and DRAM main memory system , 2009, 2009 46th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference.

[15]  Luis A. Lastras,et al.  Practical and secure PCM systems by online detection of malicious write streams , 2011, 2011 IEEE 17th International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture.

[16]  Moinuddin K. Qureshi,et al.  Improving read performance of Phase Change Memories via Write Cancellation and Write Pausing , 2010, HPCA - 16 2010 The Sixteenth International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture.

[17]  Rami G. Melhem,et al.  Increasing PCM main memory lifetime , 2010, 2010 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE 2010).

[18]  Onur Mutlu,et al.  Architecting phase change memory as a scalable dram alternative , 2009, ISCA '09.

[19]  Kyu Ho Park,et al.  High-Performance Scalable Flash File System Using Virtual Metadata Storage with Phase-Change RAM , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Computers.

[20]  Sean Eilert,et al.  Phase Change Memory: A New Memory Enables New Memory Usage Models , 2009, 2009 IEEE International Memory Workshop.

[21]  Jun Yang,et al.  A durable and energy efficient main memory using phase change memory technology , 2009, ISCA '09.

[22]  Red Hat.  JFFS : The Journalling Flash File System , 2001 .

[23]  Suman Nath,et al.  Rethinking Database Algorithms for Phase Change Memory , 2011, CIDR.

[24]  Tei-Wei Kuo,et al.  Age-based PCM wear leveling with nearly zero search cost , 2012, DAC Design Automation Conference 2012.

[25]  Yifeng Zhu,et al.  Accelerating write by exploiting PCM asymmetries , 2013, 2013 IEEE 19th International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA).

[26]  Yi He,et al.  Reducing write activities on non-volatile memories in embedded CMPs via data migration and recomputation , 2010, Design Automation Conference.

[27]  Yifeng Zhu,et al.  Exploiting subarrays inside a bank to improve phase change memory performance , 2013, 2013 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE).

[28]  Jianhua Li,et al.  Hybrid nonvolatile disk cache for energy-efficient and high-performance systems , 2013, TODE.

[29]  Ricardo Bianchini,et al.  Page placement in hybrid memory systems , 2011, ICS '11.

[30]  Seung-Ho Lim,et al.  PFFS: a scalable flash memory file system for the hybrid architecture of phase-change RAM and NAND flash , 2008, SAC '08.

[31]  Kyu Ho Park,et al.  Migration based page caching algorithm for a hybrid main memory of DRAM and PRAM , 2011, SAC '11.

[32]  Michael Wu,et al.  eNVy: a non-volatile, main memory storage system , 1994, ASPLOS VI.

[33]  Christopher Frost,et al.  Better I/O through byte-addressable, persistent memory , 2009, SOSP '09.

[34]  Vijayalakshmi Srinivasan,et al.  Enhancing lifetime and security of PCM-based Main Memory with Start-Gap Wear Leveling , 2009, 2009 42nd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO).