A review of the measurement procedure of the ISO 1996 standard. Relationship with the European Noise Directive.

Abstract Accuracy in the knowledge of the sound field incident on a facade is essential for proper planning of control actions. Independently of the chosen method for noise mapping, if we wish to know the exposed population, it is essential to measure the incident noise level on the facade. Regarding the geometry of the measuring point in relation to the facade and other elements of the environment, the normative part of the ISO 1996-2 standard only makes reference to the distance between the microphone and the facade. The rest of the geometric aspects that could influence the result of a measurement are not considered in the standard. Although some of these aspects are considered in Annex B, the annex is only informative. The ISO 1996 standard is considered in the European Noise Directive as a reference in the elaboration of strategic noise maps, the main tool for assessing the exposure of the population to noise pollution. This work presents a detailed review of the literature and proposes research strategies in order to study the relationships between the ISO 1996-2 standard measurements procedure and the accuracy of the estimations of noise doses received by people obtained by the application of the European Noise Directive. The published results show significant relative differences with respect to the values proposed by the standard for the corrections and indicate the possibility of the influence of these results on the accurate development of strategic maps.

[1]  James Johnson,et al.  Temporal and spatial variability of traffic-related noise in the City of Toronto, Canada. , 2014, The Science of the total environment.

[2]  Wolfgang Babisch,et al.  Noise-Induced Endocrine Effects and Cardiovascular Risk. , 1999, Noise & health.

[3]  H. Miedema,et al.  Annoyance from transportation noise: relationships with exposure metrics DNL and DENL and their confidence intervals. , 2001, Environmental health perspectives.

[4]  Fabienne Anfosso-Lédée,et al.  Advances in the development of common noise assessment methods in Europe: The CNOSSOS-EU framework for strategic environmental noise mapping. , 2014, The Science of the total environment.

[5]  J. M. Barrigón Morillas,et al.  The temporal structure of pollution levels in developed cities. , 2015, The Science of the total environment.

[6]  E Suárez,et al.  Traffic noise mapping of the city of Santiago de Chile. , 2014, The Science of the total environment.

[7]  H M Miedema,et al.  Exposure-response relationships for transportation noise. , 1998, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[8]  Gianluca Memoli,et al.  Testing the acoustical corrections for reflections on a façade , 2008 .

[9]  W. Passchier,et al.  Noise exposure and public health. , 2000, Environmental health perspectives.

[10]  David C. Waddington,et al.  Estimation of uncertainty using revised draft ISO 1996-2 , 2014 .

[11]  N. Carter.  Transportation noise, sleep, and possible after-effects , 1996 .

[12]  Mário Mateus,et al.  An experimental analysis of the correction factors adopted on environmental noise measurements performed with window-mounted microphones , 2015 .

[13]  Evy Öhrström,et al.  Effects of noise during sleep with reference to noise sensitivity and habituation , 1990 .

[14]  E. Walerian,et al.  Application of simulation program to specific urban situation , 2009 .

[15]  Fergus Nicol,et al.  The effect of street dimensions and traffic density on the noise level and natural ventilation potential in urban canyons , 2004 .

[16]  Myung Jun Kim,et al.  Acoustic characteristics of outdoor spaces in an apartment complex , 2013 .

[17]  E. Öhrström.  Psycho-social effects of traffic noise exposure , 1991 .

[18]  Juan Miguel Barrigón Morillas,et al.  Urban noise functional stratification for estimating average annual sound level. , 2015 .

[19]  H Ising,et al.  Community noise exposure and stress in children. , 2001, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[20]  Konstantinos Vogiatzis,et al.  From environmental noise abatement to soundscape creation through strategic noise mapping in medium urban agglomerations in South Europe. , 2014, The Science of the total environment.

[21]  Miguel Arana,et al.  Using Noise Mapping to Evaluate the Percentage of People Affected by Noise , 2009 .

[22]  G G Fleming,et al.  MEASUREMENT OF HIGHWAY-RELATED NOISE , 1996 .

[23]  Francesco D'Alessandro,et al.  A review and comparative analysis of European priority indices for noise action plans. , 2015, The Science of the total environment.

[24]  Staffan Hygge,et al.  Chronic Noise and Psychological Stress , 1995 .

[25]  H. Urdal,et al.  An urbanization bomb? Population growth and social disorder in cities , 2013 .

[26]  Jeong Chang Seong,et al.  Spatio-temporal patterns of road traffic noise pollution in Karachi, Pakistan. , 2011, Environment international.

[27]  Pyoung Jik Lee,et al.  Effect of Height-To-Width Ratio on the Sound Propagation in Urban Streets , 2015 .

[28]  Sanford Fidell,et al.  UPDATING A DOSAGE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIP FOR THE PREVALENCE OF ANNOYANCE DUE TO GENERAL TRANSPORTATION NOISE , 1991 .

[29]  J Aroba,et al.  Assessment of ultrafine particles and noise measurements using fuzzy logic and data mining techniques. , 2015, The Science of the total environment.

[30]  J. M. Barrigón Morillas,et al.  The influence of microphone location on the results of urban noise measurements , 2015 .

[31]  Gordon F. Mulligan,et al.  Population growth in the world’s largest cities , 2005 .

[32]  Wolfgang Babisch,et al.  Traffic noise, work noise and cardiovascular risk factors : the Caerphilly and Speedwell collaborative heart disease studies , 1990 .

[33]  J. Quirt.  Sound fields near exterior building surfaces , 1985 .

[34]  E. Walerian,et al.  Validation of a complex urban noise model close to a road , 2011 .

[35]  Naveen Garg,et al.  A pilot study on the establishment of national ambient noise monitoring network across the major cities of India , 2016 .

[36]  C. Hopkins,et al.  Sound fields near building facades - comparison of finite and semi-infinite reflectors on a rigid ground plane , 2009 .

[37]  Miguel Arana,et al.  A social survey on the effects of environmental noise on the residents of Pamplona, Spain , 1998 .

[38]  Judicaël Picaut,et al.  Experimental study of sound propagation in a street , 2005 .

[39]  Martina S. Ragettli,et al.  Short-term associations between traffic-related noise, particle number and traffic flow in three European cities , 2015 .

[40]  David Pérez,et al.  What precision in the Digital Terrain Model is required for noise mapping , 2011 .

[41]  Chang-Chuan Chan,et al.  A modified Nordic prediction model of road traffic noise in a Taiwanese city with significant motorcycle traffic. , 2012, The Science of the total environment.

[42]  J. M. B. Morillas,et al.  Analyzing nocturnal noise stratification. , 2014 .

[43]  R. Guski.  Personal and social variables as co-determinants of noise annoyance. , 1999, Noise & health.

[44]  C. Achillas,et al.  Measuring combined exposure to environmental pressures in urban areas: an air quality and noise pollution assessment approach. , 2012, Environment international.

[45]  Luc Dekoninck,et al.  Evolution of building façade road traffic noise levels in Flanders. , 2012, Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM.

[46]  E. Oehrstroem.  EFFECTS OF LOW LEVELS OF ROAD TRAFFIC NOISE DURING THE NIGHT: A LABORATORY STUDY ON NUMBER OF EVENTS, MAXIMUM NOISE LEVELS AND NOISE SENSITIVITY , 1995 .

[47]  Aleksandras Jagniatinskis,et al.  Assessment of environmental noise from long-term window microphone measurements , 2014 .

[48]  Gaetano Licitra,et al.  Gden: An indicator for European noise maps comparison and to support action plans. , 2014, The Science of the total environment.

[49]  J. Henderson,et al.  Urbanization and city growth: The role of institutions , 2007 .

[50]  Umberto Berardi,et al.  Interference effects in field measurements of airborne sound insulation of building facades , 2011 .

[51]  H. Ising,et al.  The incidence of myocardial infarction and its relation to road traffic noise— the Berlin case-control studies , 1994 .

[52]  E. Walerian,et al.  Influence of vehicle noise emission directivity on sound level distribution in a canyon street. Part I: Simulation program test , 2006 .

[53]  Cyril M. Harris,et al.  Handbook of Acoustical Measurements and Noise Control , 1979 .

[54]  E. Murphy,et al.  Strategic environmental noise mapping: methodological issues concerning the implementation of the EU Environmental Noise Directive and their policy implications. , 2010, Environment international.

[55]  E. Walerian,et al.  Influence of vehicle noise emission directivity on sound level distribution in a canyon street. Part II: Experimental verification , 2006 .

[56]  J. D. Quirt,et al.  Comparison of outdoor microphone locations for measuring sound insulation of building facades , 1984 .

[57]  J. M. B. Morillas,et al.  Effects of Singular Noisy Events on Long-Term Environmental Noise Measurements , 2014 .

[58]  Paulo Henrique Trombetta Zannin,et al.  Noise mapping at different stages of a freeway redevelopment project – A case study in Brazil , 2011 .

[59]  Joel D. Kaufman,et al.  The spatial relationship between traffic-generated air pollution and noise in 2 US cities. , 2009, Environmental research.

[60]  J. M. B. Morillas,et al.  Study of the Categorisation Method Using Long-term Measurements , 2013 .

[61]  James M. Fields,et al.  Reactions to environmental noise in an ambient noise context in residential areas , 1998 .

[62]  B. De Baets,et al.  Correlation analysis of noise and ultrafine particle counts in a street canyon. , 2011, The Science of the total environment.

[63]  Umberto Berardi,et al.  The position of the intruments for the sound insulation measurement of building facades: from ISO 140-5 to ISO 16283-3 , 2013 .

[64]  L. Brown,et al.  Burden of disease from environmental noise: Quantification of healthy life years lost in Europe , 2011 .