A Subthreshold Buffer-Based Biquadratic Cell and its Application to Biopotential Filter Design

This paper develops a compact power-efficient CMOS buffer to operate as a nanopower lowpass biquadratic cell. Unlike other recently reported CMOS biquads with passband gains that are attenuated by the bulk effect, this biquad attains a near 0-dB passband gain without gain compensation. It acquires the same levels of input and output common-mode voltages making it useful for cascade realization of a higher order lowpass filter. To demonstrate the potential application of the proposed biquad, a fourth-order lowpass filter was designed based on the proposed biquad circuit and fabricated in the 0.35-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\mu }\text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> CMOS process to serve electrocardiography readout systems. Measurement results show that the filter consumes 4.26-nW static power from a 0.9-V supply providing a 100-Hz cutoff frequency. The prototype chip occupies a silicon area of 0.11 mm² and contributes an input-referred noise of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$80.5~{\mu }\text{V}_{\mathrm {rms}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. For a 60-Hz input frequency associated with −50-dB third-order harmonic distortion, a dynamic range of 48.2 dB is achieved. The lowest power supply rejection ratio of 40 dB was obtained at 100 Hz. Compared with the previous state-of-the-art designs in the category of nanopower filters, the proposed filter consumes the least power from the lowest supply voltage.