Tracking seasonal drought effects on ecosystem light use efficiency with satellite-based PRI in a Mediterranean forest.

article i nfo Gross primary productivity (GPP) changes occur at different time-scales and due to various mechanisms such as variations in leaf area, chlorophyll content, rubisco activity, and stomatal conductance. Diagnostic estimates of primary productivity are obviously error prone when these changes are not accounted for. Additional complications arise when factors inuencing a biome-specific maximum light use efficiency (LUE) must be estimatedoveralargearea.Inthesecasesadirectestimation ofecosystemLUEcouldreduceuncertaintyofGPP estimates. Here, we analyse whether a MODIS-based photochemical reectance index (PRI) is a useful proxy for the light use efficiency of a Mediterranean Quercus ilex forest.As the originally proposed reference band for PRI is not available on MODIS, we tested the reference bands 1 (620-670 nm), 4 (545-565 nm),12 (546-556 nm), 13 (662-672 nm), and 14 (673-683 nm) using different atmospheric correction algorithms. We repeated the analysis with different temporal resolutions of LUE (half-hourly to daily). The strongest correlation between LUE andPRIwas found when consideringonlya narrow range of viewingangles at atime (especially0-10° and 30-40°). We found that the MODIS-based PRI was able to track ecosystem LUE even during severe summer time water limitation. For this Mediterranean-type ecosystem we could show that a GPP estimation based on PRI is a huge improvement comparedtothe MODIS GPP algorithm. In this study, MODIS spectral band 1 turned out to be the most suitable reference band for PRI, followed by the narrow red bands 13 and 14. As to date no universallyapplicablereferencebandwasidentifiedinMODIS-basedPRIstudies,weadvocatethoroughtesting for the optimal band combination in future studies.

[1]  John E. Erickson,et al.  Foliar morphology and canopy nitrogen as predictors of light-use efficiency in terrestrial vegetation , 2003 .

[2]  J. Terradas.  HOLM OAK AND HOLM OAK FORESTS : AN INTRODUCTION , 1999 .

[3]  J. Peñuelas,et al.  Assessment of photosynthetic radiation‐use efficiency with spectral reflectance , 1995 .

[4]  S. Wofsy,et al.  Midday values of gross CO2 flux and light use efficiency during satellite overpasses can be used to directly estimate eight-day mean flux , 2005 .

[5]  Scott J. Goetz,et al.  Mapping net primary production and related biophysical variables with remote sensing: Application to the BOREAS region , 1999 .

[6]  D. Sims,et al.  Relationships between leaf pigment content and spectral reflectance across a wide range of species, leaf structures and developmental stages , 2002 .

[7]  G. Meehl,et al.  Detecting thermohaline circulation changes from ocean properties in a coupled model , 2004 .

[8]  David A Clausi.  An analysis of co-occurrence texture statistics as a function of grey level quantization , 2002 .

[9]  Richard H. Waring,et al.  Environmental Limits on Net Primary Production and Light‐Use Efficiency Across the Oregon Transect , 1994 .

[10]  A. Huete,et al.  A comparison of vegetation indices over a global set of TM images for EOS-MODIS , 1997 .

[11]  C. Field,et al.  A narrow-waveband spectral index that tracks diurnal changes in photosynthetic efficiency , 1992 .

[12]  H. Smith,et al.  Plants and the daylight spectrum. , 1981 .

[13]  T. Vesala,et al.  On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm , 2005 .

[14]  Hans Peter Schmid,et al.  Potential of MODIS ocean bands for estimating CO2 flux from terrestrial vegetation: A novel approach , 2004 .

[15]  D. Guyon,et al.  Quality analysis applied on eddy covariance measurements at complex forest sites using footprint modelling , 2005 .

[16]  Chung‐Ping Lin,et al.  Seasonal variation in photosystem II efficiency and photochemical reflectance index of evergreen trees and perennial grasses growing at low and high elevations in subtropical Taiwan. , 2006, Tree physiology.

[17]  Mathias Disney,et al.  Can we measure terrestrial photosynthesis from space directly, using spectral reflectance and fluorescence? , 2007 .

[18]  F. Giorgi,et al.  Climate change hot‐spots , 2006 .

[19]  Cristina Milesi,et al.  User's Guide GPP and NPP (MOD17A2/A3) Products NASA MODIS Land Algorithm , 2003 .

[20]  Christopher B. Field,et al.  Remote sensing of the xanthophyll cycle and chlorophyll fluorescence in sunflower leaves and canopies , 1990, Oecologia.

[21]  T. Vesala,et al.  Towards a standardized processing of Net Ecosystem Exchange measured with eddy covariance technique: algorithms and uncertainty estimation , 2006 .

[22]  C. Tucker.  Red and photographic infrared linear combinations for monitoring vegetation , 1979 .

[23]  W. Oechel,et al.  Seasonal patterns of reflectance indices, carotenoid pigments and photosynthesis of evergreen chaparral species , 2002, Oecologia.

[24]  W. Cohen,et al.  Site‐level evaluation of satellite‐based global terrestrial gross primary production and net primary production monitoring , 2005 .

[25]  Warren B. Cohen,et al.  Effects of spatial variability in light use efficiency on satellite-based NPP monitoring , 2002 .

[26]  Faith Ann Heinsch,et al.  Decreasing photosynthesis at different spatial scales during the late growing season on a boreal cutover. , 2005, Tree physiology.

[27]  W. Oechel,et al.  Parallel adjustments in vegetation greenness and ecosystem CO2 exchange in response to drought in a Southern California chaparral ecosystem , 2006 .

[28]  Ramakrishna R. Nemani,et al.  Evaluation of remote sensing based terrestrial productivity from MODIS using regional tower eddy flux network observations , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[29]  C. Woodcock,et al.  Classification and Change Detection Using Landsat TM Data: When and How to Correct Atmospheric Effects? , 2001 .

[30]  Michele Meroni,et al.  Assessing Steady-state Fluorescence and PRI from Hyperspectral Proximal Sensing as Early Indicators of Plant Stress: The Case of Ozone Exposure , 2008, Sensors.

[31]  J. Monteith.  SOLAR RADIATION AND PRODUCTIVITY IN TROPICAL ECOSYSTEMS , 1972 .

[32]  W. Cohen,et al.  Evaluation of MODIS NPP and GPP products across multiple biomes. , 2006 .

[33]  F. Maignan,et al.  Normalization of the directional effects in NOAA–AVHRR reflectance measurements for an improved monitoring of vegetation cycles , 2006 .

[34]  S. Rambal.  The differential role of mechanisms for drought resistance in a Mediterranean evergreen shrub: a simulation approach , 1993 .

[35]  Hans Tømmervik,et al.  Prediction of the distribution of Arctic‐nesting pink‐footed geese under a warmer climate scenario , 2007 .

[36]  S. Rambal,et al.  Seasonal and annual variation of carbon exchange in an evergreen Mediterranean forest in southern France , 2008 .

[37]  Roger Jones,et al.  Regional climate projections , 2007 .

[38]  Iolanda Filella,et al.  Reflectance assessment of seasonal and annual changes in biomass and CO2 uptake of a Mediterranean shrubland submitted to experimental warming and drought , 2004 .

[39]  P. Quézel,et al.  Ecologie et biogéographie des forêts du bassin méditerranéen , 2003 .

[40]  Arnaud Carrara,et al.  Biogeosciences Quality control of CarboEurope flux data – Part 1 : Coupling footprint analyses with flux data quality assessment to evaluate sites in forest ecosystems , 2008 .

[41]  Jaume Flexas,et al.  Photosynthetic limitations in response to water stress and recovery in Mediterranean plants with different growth forms. , 2007, The New phytologist.

[42]  Caroline J. Nichol,et al.  Remote sensing of photosynthetic-light-use efficiency of a Siberian boreal forest , 2002 .

[43]  S. T. Gower,et al.  Direct and Indirect Estimation of Leaf Area Index, fAPAR, and Net Primary Production of Terrestrial Ecosystems , 1999 .

[44]  P. Heuberger,et al.  Calibration of process-oriented models , 1995 .

[45]  Gérard Dedieu,et al.  Methodology for the estimation of terrestrial net primary production from remotely sensed data , 1994 .

[46]  C. Field,et al.  Relationships Between NDVI, Canopy Structure, and Photosynthesis in Three Californian Vegetation Types , 1995 .

[47]  W. W. Adams,et al.  Photoprotection in an ecological context: the remarkable complexity of thermal energy dissipation. , 2006, The New phytologist.

[48]  Corinne Le Quéré,et al.  Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis , 2013 .

[49]  T. A. Black,et al.  Photosynthetic light use efficiency of three biomes across an east–west continental-scale transect in Canada , 2006 .

[50]  J. Monteith.  Climate and the efficiency of crop production in Britain , 1977 .

[51]  David P. Roy,et al.  MODIS land data storage, gridding, and compositing methodology: Level 2 grid , 1998, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[52]  S. Running,et al.  Global products of vegetation leaf area and fraction absorbed PAR from year one of MODIS data , 2002 .

[53]  Josep Peñuelas,et al.  Remote estimation of carbon dioxide uptake by a Mediterranean forest , 2008 .

[54]  Pablo J. Zarco-Tejada,et al.  Assessing Canopy PRI for Water Stress detection with Diurnal Airborne Imagery , 2008 .

[55]  Elizabeth M. Middleton,et al.  Regional mapping of gross light-use efficiency using MODIS spectral indices , 2008 .

[56]  K. Winter,et al.  Photoinhibition and zeaxanthin formation in intact leaves : a possible role of the xanthophyll cycle in the dissipation of excess light energy. , 1987, Plant physiology.

[57]  S. Rambal,et al.  Identifying spatial patterns of Mediterranean landscapes from geostatistical analysis of remotely-sensed data , 1994 .

[58]  T. A. Black,et al.  Remote sensing of photosynthetic-light-use efficiency of boreal forest , 2000 .

[59]  Ramakrishna R. Nemani,et al.  Relating seasonal patterns of the AVHRR vegetation index to simulated photosynthesis and transpiration of forests in different climates , 1988 .

[60]  Didier Tanré,et al.  Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum, 6S: an overview , 1997, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens..

[61]  T. Vesala,et al.  Deriving a light use efficiency model from eddy covariance flux data for predicting daily gross primary production across biomes , 2007 .

[62]  T. A. Black,et al.  A MODIS-derived photochemical reflectance index to detect inter-annual variations in the photosynthetic light-use efficiency of a boreal deciduous forest , 2005 .

[63]  J. Tenhunen,et al.  Severe drought effects on ecosystem CO2 and H2O fluxes at three Mediterranean evergreen sites: revision of current hypotheses? , 2002 .

[64]  R. Leuning,et al.  Carbon and water fluxes over a temperate Eucalyptus forest and a tropical wet/dry savanna in Australia: measurements and comparison with MODIS remote sensing estimates , 2005 .

[65]  Julie C. Naumann,et al.  Leaf chlorophyll fluorescence, reflectance, and physiological response to freshwater and saltwater flooding in the evergreen shrub, Myrica cerifera , 2008 .

[66]  P. North,et al.  Remote sensing of canopy light use efficiency using the photochemical reflectance index , 2001 .