Niobium Mineralogy of Pliocene A 1-Type Granites of 2 Central Europe 3

A1-type granite xenoliths occur in alkali basalts erupted during Pliocene–Pleistocene 13 continental rifting of Carpathian back-arc basin (Central Europe). The Pliocene (5.180.02 Ma) 14 peraluminous calc-alkalic granite xenoliths contain unusually high concentrations of critical metals 15 bound in Nb, Ta, REE, U, Th-bearing minerals typical for silica-undersaturated alkalic granites and 16 syenites: columbite-Mn, fergusonite-Y, oxycalciopyrochlore, Nb-rutile, and Ca-niobate (fersmite or 17 viggezite). The peraluminous calc-alkaline granites xenoliths are unique in the absence of allanite 18 and monazite – the main REE-carriers in these rock-types. The crystallization of REE-bearing 19 Nb-oxides at the expense of OH-silicates and phosphates may have been caused by the water 20 deficiency and low phosphorus content in the parental magma. Increased Nb and Ta 21 concentrations have been inherited from the mafic parental magma derived from metasomatized 22 mantle. The strong Aland Ca-enrichment probably reflects the specific composition of the 23 metasomatized mantle modified by fluids and melts liberated from the oceanic crust during 24 Miocene subduction predating the Pliocene-Pleistocene rifting. 25

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