A spot-controllable data transfer technique using COTS speakers

This paper describes a spot-controllable data-transfer method. The proposed method generates a beam-shaped spot using two commercial off-the-shelf speakers. In our method, a symbol consists of a pair of sinusoidal waves having different angular frequencies. The width and direction of a beam-shaped spot are controlled by the angular-frequency difference between the sinusoidal waves and the transmission-time difference between the two speakers. Multiple spots can be generated by transmitting multiple pairs of sinusoidal waves based on the principle of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing. By over-lapping multiple beam-shaped spots, the locations and sizes of the areas enabled to receive data are controllable. Experiments using four speakers and computer simulation show that the proposed method can generate controllable spots. An analysis of the errors in a real indoor environment indicate that they are caused by multipath signals, radiation damping of transmitted signals, and the incident/output angle characteristics of the microphone and speakers.

[1]  Gaetano Borriello,et al.  WALRUS: wireless acoustic location with room-level resolution using ultrasound , 2005, MobiSys '05.

[2]  Peter A. Dinda,et al.  Indoor localization without infrastructure using the acoustic background spectrum , 2011, MobiSys '11.

[3]  Ryuki Tachibana,et al.  Watermarked Movie Soundtrack Finds the Position of the Camcorder in a Theater , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia.

[4]  A. Enis Çetin,et al.  Data hiding in speech using phase coding , 1997, EUROSPEECH.

[5]  H. Hashizume,et al.  Fast and Accurate Positioning Technique Using Ultrasonic Phase Accordance Method , 2005, TENCON 2005 - 2005 IEEE Region 10 Conference.

[6]  Sunghyun Choi,et al.  Chirp signal-based aerial acoustic communication for smart devices , 2015, 2015 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM).

[7]  Si Chen,et al.  ${\ssr{PriWhisper}}$ : Enabling Keyless Secure Acoustic Communication for Smartphones , 2014, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[8]  Thomas R. Gross,et al.  Acoustic data transmission to collaborating smartphones — An experimental study , 2014, 2014 11th Annual Conference on Wireless On-demand Network Systems and Services (WONS).

[9]  Charlie Cullen,et al.  Investigating ultrasonic positioning on mobile phones , 2010, 2010 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation.

[10]  John Adcock,et al.  Indoor localization using controlled ambient sounds , 2012, 2012 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN).

[11]  G. G. Stokes.  "J." , 1890, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[12]  Yusuke Nakashima,et al.  Acoustic OFDM: Embedding High Bit-Rate Data in Audio , 2008, MMM.

[13]  Woon-Seng Gan,et al.  Development of Parametric Loudspeaker , 2010, IEEE Potentials.

[14]  Christian Schindelhauer,et al.  Acoustic Self-calibrating System for Indoor Smartphone Tracking (ASSIST) , 2012, 2012 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN).

[15]  Henrique S. Malvar.  A modulated complex lapped transform and its applications to audio processing , 1999, 1999 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Proceedings. ICASSP99 (Cat. No.99CH36258).

[16]  Cristina Videira Lopes,et al.  Aerial acoustic communications , 2001, Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Workshop on the Applications of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics (Cat. No.01TH8575).

[17]  T. Nishiura,et al.  A design of audio spot based on separating emission of the carrier and sideband waves , 2013 .

[18]  Anthony Rowe,et al.  Indoor pseudo-ranging of mobile devices using ultrasonic chirps , 2012, SenSys '12.