Experimental and theoretical study of wettability alteration during low salinity water flooding-an state of the art review

Abstract Low salinity waterflooding (LSW) has been proved to be a promising technique in improving oil recovery for both sandstone and carbonate reservoirs. Sandstone and carbonate are two completely different minerals but the mechanism of LSW can both be contributed to wettability alteration. Though many reasons regarding wettability alteration have been proposed, central to the entire subject is the double layer expansion (DLE), which can be quantitatively explained by disjoining pressure. Disjoining pressure is the sum of van der Waals force, electrical double layer force and structural force, which is not a new concept, however, it attracted a lot of attention with the growing popularity of LSW. The three inter molecular forces are explained by DLVO (Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek) theory and in an oil/brine/rock system these forces can be accurately measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The extracted information from force vs distance curves and topographical images are used equally to evaluate the theoretical model. In petroleum industry, the two theories are linked together to explain the wettability alteration induced by DLE as a result of an alteration from high salinity water to low salinity water in sandstone and carbonate reservoirs.

[1]  M. Andersson,et al.  Could Atomic-Force Microscopy Force Mapping Be a Fast Alternative to Core-Plug Tests for Optimizing Injection-Water Salinity for Enhanced Oil Recovery in Sandstone? , 2016 .

[2]  T. Cosgrove,et al.  Colloid science : principles, methods and applications , 2005 .

[3]  N. Morrow,et al.  Influence of Electrical Surface Charges on the Wetting Properties of Crude Oils , 1989 .

[4]  H. Orland,et al.  Steric Effects in Electrolytes: A Modified Poisson-Boltzmann Equation , 1997, cond-mat/9803258.

[5]  L. Cathles,et al.  The Impact of Pore Water Chemistry on Carbonate Surface Charge and Oil Wettability , 2010 .

[6]  Per Stenius,et al.  Direct measurement of temperature-dependent interactions between non-ionic surfactant layers , 1986 .

[7]  D. Bardos.  Contact angle dependence of solid probe liquid drop forces in AFM measurements , 2002 .

[8]  J. Israelachvili,et al.  Molecular layering of water at surfaces and origin of repulsive hydration forces , 1983, Nature.

[9]  S. Marčelja,et al.  Repulsion of interfaces due to boundary water , 1976 .

[10]  P. McGuiggan,et al.  Molecular layering in thin aqueous films , 1988 .

[11]  R. Dagastine,et al.  Measurement of dynamical forces between deformable drops using the atomic force microscope. I. Theory. , 2005, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[12]  H. Nasr-El-Din,et al.  Investigation of Wettability Alteration and Oil-Recovery Improvement by Low-Salinity Water in Sandstone Rock , 2013 .

[13]  E. Bonaccurso,et al.  Revealing contamination on AFM cantilevers by microdrops and microbubbles. , 2004, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[14]  George R. Gray,et al.  Composition and Properties of Drilling and Completion Fluids , 1988 .

[15]  P. Claesson,et al.  Measurement of surface forces between mica sheets immersed in aqueous quaternary ammonium ion solutions , 1984 .

[16]  P. Mulvaney,et al.  Surface forces and deformation at the oil-water interface probed using AFM force measurement , 1999 .

[17]  S. Bhattacharjee,et al.  DLVO interaction between rough surfaces , 1998 .

[18]  C. J. Oss,et al.  DLVO and Non-DLVO Interactions in Hectorite , 1990 .

[19]  D. Chan,et al.  A simple algorithm for the calculation of the electrostatic repulsion between identical charged surfaces in electrolyte , 1980 .

[20]  P. Kékicheff,et al.  Electrical Double Layer Structure Revisited via a Surface Force Apparatus: Mica Interfaces in Lithium Nitrate Solutions , 1993 .

[21]  Evert Klaseboer,et al.  Film drainage and coalescence between deformable drops and bubbles , 2011 .

[22]  A. Hamouda,et al.  Imbibition of Sulfate and Magnesium Ions into Carbonate Rocks at Elevated Temperatures and Their Influence on Wettability Alteration and Oil Recovery , 2007 .

[23]  Franz J. Giessibl,et al.  Advances in atomic force microscopy , 2003, cond-mat/0305119.

[24]  S. Marčelja,et al.  Charge reversal seen in electrical double layer interaction of surfaces immersed in 2:1 calcium electrolyte , 1993 .

[25]  G. Franks,et al.  Influence of Ion Size on Short-Range Repulsive Forces between Silica Surfaces , 1998 .

[26]  R. Dagastine,et al.  Dynamic Forces Between Two Deformable Oil Droplets in Water , 2006, Science.

[27]  G. Cevc.  Hydration force and the interfacial structure of the polar surface , 1991 .

[28]  J. Gregory,et al.  Approximate expressions for retarded van der waals interaction , 1981 .

[29]  Interaction of hydrophobized filaments in aqueous electrolyte solutions , 1988 .

[30]  S. Miklavcic,et al.  Effective spring description of a bubble or a droplet interacting with a particle. , 2002, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[31]  T. Austad.  Enhanced Oil Recovery Field Case Studies Chapter 13 Water Based Eor In Carbonates And Sandstones New Chemical Understanding Of The Eor Potential Using Smart Water , 2021 .

[32]  H. S. Fogler,et al.  Colloidally Induced Fines Migration in Porous Media , 1987 .

[33]  N. Bovet,et al.  Change in organic molecule adhesion on α-alumina (sapphire) with change in NaCl and CaCl2 solution salinity. , 2014, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[34]  J. Gregory,et al.  Interaction of unequal double layers at constant charge , 1975 .

[35]  S. Marčelja,et al.  Theory of polarization profiles and the “hydration force” , 1981 .

[36]  N. Bovet,et al.  Nano sized clay detected on chalk particle surfaces , 2012 .

[37]  W. Ducker,et al.  The forces between mica surfaces in ammonium chloride solutions , 1989 .

[38]  David Tabor,et al.  The measurement of van der Waals dispersion forces in the range 1.5 to 130 nm , 1972 .

[39]  D. Clarke,et al.  Direct measurement of surface forces between sapphire crystals in aqueous solutions , 1988 .

[40]  D. Chan,et al.  Forces between a rigid probe particle and a liquid interface: comparison between experiment and theory , 2003 .

[41]  J. Israelachvili,et al.  Measurement of the hydrophobic interaction between two hydrophobic surfaces in aqueous electrolyte solutions , 1984 .

[42]  G. Pope,et al.  Geochemical Interpretation of Low-Salinity-Water Injection in Carbonate Oil Reservoirs , 2015 .

[43]  R. Dagastine,et al.  Forces between a rigid probe particle and a liquid interface. III. Extraction of the planar half-space interaction energy E(D). , 2004, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[44]  H. C. Hamaker.  The London—van der Waals attraction between spherical particles , 1937 .

[45]  J. Israelachvili,et al.  Molecular layering of water in thin films between mica surfaces and its relation to hydration forces , 1984 .

[46]  Hans-Jürgen Butt,et al.  A Technique for Measuring the Force between a Colloidal Particle in Water and a Bubble , 1994 .

[47]  G. Øye,et al.  Surface Characterization of Model, Outcrop, and Reservoir Samples in Low Salinity Aqueous Solutions , 2011 .

[48]  Y. Gur,et al.  On the electrical double layer theory. I. A numerical method for solving a generalized Poisson—Boltzmann equation , 1978 .

[49]  M. Grattarola,et al.  Preliminary results on the electrostatic double-layer force between two surfaces with high surface potentials , 1998 .

[50]  B. Derjaguin,et al.  The current state of the theory of long-range surface forces , 1992 .

[51]  M. Andersson,et al.  The effect of ionic strength on oil adhesion in sandstone – the search for the low salinity mechanism , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[52]  J. Schembre,et al.  Mechanism of Formation Damage at Elevated Temperature , 2005 .

[53]  H. Christenson.  NON-DLVO FORCES BETWEEN SURFACES -SOLVATION, HYDRATION AND CAPILLARY EFFECTS , 1988 .

[54]  Jan D. Miller,et al.  Direct measurement of particle–bubble interaction forces using atomic force microscopy , 2008 .

[55]  G. Øye,et al.  Method for Determining the Amount of Crude Oil Desorbed from Silica and Aluminosilica Surfaces upon Exposure to Combined Low-Salinity Water and Surfactant Solutions , 2014 .

[56]  B. Suijkerbuijk,et al.  Demonstrating the Potential of Low-Salinity Waterflood to Improve Oil Recovery in Carbonate Reservoirs by Qualitative Coreflood , 2014 .

[57]  R. Manica,et al.  Modelling drop-drop interactions in an atomic force microscope , 2005 .

[58]  T. Yen,et al.  Some Notes on Wettability and Relative Permeabilities of Carbonate Reservoir Rocks, II , 1983 .

[59]  Measurement of isoelectric point of sandstone and carbonate rocks for monitoring water encroachment , 2014 .

[60]  R. Horn,et al.  Double-Layer and Hydration Forces Measured between Silica Sheets Subjected to Various Surface Treatments , 1993 .

[61]  J. Walz.  The effect of surface heterogeneities on colloidal forces , 1998 .

[62]  Barry W. Ninham,et al.  On Progress in Forces Since the DLVO Theory , 1999 .

[63]  T. Austad,et al.  Wettability alteration and improved oil recovery by spontaneous imbibition of seawater into chalk: Impact of the potential determining ions Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42− , 2007 .

[64]  D. Grahame.  Effects of Dielectric Saturation upon the Diffuse Double Layer and the Free Energy of Hydration of Ions , 1950 .

[65]  W. Haller,et al.  Surface forces and viscosity of water measured between silica sheets , 1989 .

[66]  J. Molina-Bolívar,et al.  How Proteins Stabilize Colloidal Particles by Means of Hydration Forces , 1999 .

[67]  R. Dagastine,et al.  Forces between a rigid probe particle and a liquid interface. II. The general case. , 2002, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[68]  J. Kleijn,et al.  The electrical double layer on gold probed by electrokinetic and surface force measurements. , 2002, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[69]  H. Christenson,et al.  The hydrophobic interaction between macroscopic surfaces , 1987, Proceedings / Indian Academy of Sciences.

[70]  Patrick V. Brady,et al.  Kinetics of quartz dissolution at low temperatures , 1990 .

[71]  M. Andersson,et al.  Adhesion of alkane as a functional group on muscovite and quartz: dependence on pH and contact time. , 2014, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[72]  B. Ninham,et al.  Electrostatic potential between surfaces bearing ionizable groups in ionic equilibrium with physiologic saline solution. , 1971, Journal of theoretical biology.

[73]  H. Christenson.  Experimental measurements of solvation forces in nonpolar liquids , 1983 .

[74]  H. Butt,et al.  Direct measurement of forces between particles and bubbles , 1999 .

[75]  D. F. Evans,et al.  Long-range attraction between a hydrophobic surface and a polar surface is stronger than that between two hydrophobic surfaces , 1993 .

[76]  Valentina Erastova,et al.  Molecular Dynamic Simulations of Montmorillonite–Organic Interactions under Varying Salinity: An Insight into Enhanced Oil Recovery , 2015 .

[77]  Hisham A. Nasr-El-Din,et al.  Wettability Studies Using Low-Salinity Water in Sandstone Reservoirs , 2011 .

[78]  R. Dagastine,et al.  Dynamic Forces between a Moving Particle and a Deformable Drop , 2008 .

[79]  M. Sharma,et al.  Effect of Dielectric Saturation on Disjoining Pressure in Thin Films of Aqueous Electrolytes , 1994 .

[80]  S. Marčelja,et al.  Double-layer ion correlation forces restrict calcium-clay swelling , 1988 .

[81]  Richard M. Pashley,et al.  Direct measurement of colloidal forces using an atomic force microscope , 1991, Nature.

[82]  S. Marčelja,et al.  Inhomogeneous Coulomb fluids with image interactions between planar surfaces. I , 1985 .

[83]  D. F. Evans,et al.  Long-range attractive force between hydrophobic surfaces observed by atomic force microscopy. , 1993, Science.

[84]  Jinchao Xu,et al.  A Mechanistic Model for Wettability Alteration by Chemically Tuned Waterflooding in Carbonate Reservoirs , 2015 .

[85]  J. Rubio,et al.  Interaction force between an air bubble and a hydrophilic spherical particle in water, measured by the colloid probe technique , 2009 .

[86]  P. Brady,et al.  A surface complexation model of oil–brine–sandstone interfaces at 100 °C: Low salinity waterflooding☆ , 2012 .

[87]  N. Bovet,et al.  The low salinity effect observed on sandstone model surfaces , 2012 .

[88]  Zohreh Jalili,et al.  Mechanistic Study of the Wettability Modification in Carbonate and Sandstone Reservoirs during Water/Low Salinity Water Flooding , 2014 .

[89]  J. Overbeek,et al.  Dispersion forces between fused silica objects at distances between 25 and 350 nm , 1971 .

[90]  R. Yoon,et al.  Application of Extended DLVO Theory: II. Stability of Silica Suspensions , 1993 .

[91]  D. Standnes,et al.  Wettability alteration in chalk 1. Preparation of core material and oil properties , 2000 .

[92]  T. Austad,et al.  Initial Wetting Properties of Carbonate Oil Reservoirs: Effect of the Temperature and Presence of Sulfate in Formation Water , 2011 .

[93]  Jacob N. Israelachvili,et al.  Measurements of Hydrophobic and DLVO Forces in Bubble-Surface Interactions in Aqueous Solutions , 1994 .

[94]  D. F. Evans,et al.  Interactions between hydrophobic surfaces. Dependence on temperature and alkyl chain length , 1991 .

[95]  D. E. Yates,et al.  Site-binding model of the electrical double layer at the oxide/water interface , 1974 .

[96]  B. Ninham,et al.  Van der Waals forces in many-layered structures: generalizations of the Lifshitz result for two semi-infinite media. , 1973, Journal of theoretical biology.

[97]  T. Tokunaga.  DLVO-based estimates of adsorbed water film thicknesses in geologic CO2 reservoirs. , 2012, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[98]  C. Zukoski,et al.  STUDY OF ANION ADSORPTION AT THE GOLD-AQUEOUS SOLUTION INTERFACE BY ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY , 1994 .

[99]  Richard M. Pashley,et al.  DLVO and hydration forces between mica surfaces in Li+, Na+, K+, and Cs+ electrolyte solutions: A correlation of double-layer and hydration forces with surface cation exchange properties , 1981 .

[100]  A. Skauge,et al.  Experimental Studies of Low Salinity Water Flooding Carbonate: A New Promising Approach , 2012 .

[101]  J. Drelich,et al.  Mapping charge-mosaic surfaces in electrolyte solutions using surface charge microscopy , 2010 .

[102]  P. Mulvaney,et al.  The Direct Measurement of the Forces of Interaction between a Colloid Particle and an Oil Droplet , 1996, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[103]  B. Derjaguin,et al.  Structural component of disjoining pressure , 1974 .

[104]  J. Ralston,et al.  Surface and Capillary Forces Affecting Air Bubble−Particle Interactions in Aqueous Electrolyte , 1996 .

[105]  B. Derjaguin,et al.  Direct measurements of long-range surface forces in gas and liquid media , 1982 .

[106]  S. Marčelja,et al.  A theoretical and experimental study of forces between charged mica surfaces in aqueous CaCl2 solutions , 1990 .

[107]  Hans-Jürgen Butt,et al.  Direct measurements of particle-bubble interactions. , 2005, Advances in colloid and interface science.

[108]  Yoon,et al.  Hydrophobic Interactions between Dissimilar Surfaces , 1997, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[109]  R. Horn,et al.  Measuring surface forces to explore surface chemistry : mica, sapphire and silica , 1990 .

[110]  H. Ohshima,et al.  Comparison of three models on double layer interaction , 1988 .

[111]  J. Drelich,et al.  Charge heterogeneity of surfaces: mapping and effects on surface forces. , 2011, Advances in colloid and interface science.

[112]  J. Israelachvili.  Measurement of forces between surfaces immersed in electrolyte solutions , 1978 .

[113]  S. Stipp,et al.  Pore scale observation of low salinity effects on outcrop and oil reservoir sandstone , 2011 .

[114]  P. Kralchevsky,et al.  Colloid structural forces in thin liquid films , 1995 .

[115]  R. French.  Origins and Applications of London Dispersion Forces and Hamaker Constants in Ceramics , 2004 .

[116]  J. Berg,et al.  Particle−Drop Interactions Examined with an Atomic Force Microscope , 1997 .

[117]  U. Sivan,et al.  From repulsion to attraction and back to repulsion: the effect of NaCl, KCl, and CsCl on the force between silica surfaces in aqueous solution. , 2009, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[118]  Lee R. White,et al.  The interaction of colloidal particles collected at fluid interfaces , 1981 .

[119]  B. Ninham,et al.  Ion Binding and Ion Specificity: The Hofmeister Effect and Onsager and Lifshitz Theories , 1997 .

[120]  S. Marčelja,et al.  Interaction of charged surfaces in electrolyte solutions , 1986 .

[121]  R. Reeder.  Carbonates : mineralogy and chemistry , 1983 .

[122]  J. Chapel.  Electrolyte Species Dependent Hydration Forces between Silica Surfaces , 1994 .

[123]  T. Austad,et al.  “Smart water” as a wettability modifier in chalk: The effect of salinity and ionic composition , 2010 .

[124]  U. Sivan,et al.  Effect of cation size and charge on the interaction between silica surfaces in 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 aqueous electrolytes. , 2011, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[125]  D. Grasso,et al.  Impact of Aqueous Electrolytes on Interfacial Energy , 1998 .

[126]  G. Hirasaki.  Wettability: Fundamentals and Surface Forces , 1991 .

[127]  W. J. Bruin.  Simulation of Geochemical Processes during Low Salinity Water Flooding by Coupling Multiphase Buckley-Leverett Flow to the Geochemical Package PHREEQC , 2012 .

[128]  L. Meagher.  Direct measurement of forces between silica surfaces in aqueous CaCl2 solutions using an atomic force microscope , 1992 .

[129]  B. Derjaguin,et al.  Theory of the stability of strongly charged lyophobic sols and of the adhesion of strongly charged particles in solutions of electrolytes , 1993 .

[130]  Q. Xie,et al.  Ions tuning water flooding experiments and interpretation by thermodynamics of wettability , 2014 .

[131]  P. Attard.  Long-range attraction between hydrophobic surfaces , 1989 .

[132]  K. Sorbie,et al.  Low salinity oil recovery - an experimental investigation , 2008 .

[133]  P. Brady,et al.  Controls on silicate dissolution rates in neutral and basic pH solutions at 25°C , 1989 .

[134]  F. Carini,et al.  Low Salinity Oil Recovery: An Exciting New EOR Opportunity for Alaska's North Slope , 2005 .

[135]  Richard M. Pashley,et al.  Dlvo and hydration forces between mica surfaces in Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ chloride solutions , 1984 .

[136]  Timothy Senden,et al.  Measurement of forces in liquids using a force microscope , 1992 .

[137]  Abbas Firoozabadi,et al.  Thin liquid films in improved oil recovery from low-salinity brine , 2015 .

[138]  Jacob N. Israelachvili,et al.  Interactions of silica surfaces , 1994 .

[139]  A. P. Gunning,et al.  Atomic force microscopy of emulsion droplets: probing droplet-droplet interactions. , 2004, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[140]  O. Torsæter,et al.  EOR by Low Salinity Water and Surfactant at Low Concentration: Impact of Injection and in Situ Brine Composition , 2016 .

[141]  R. Pugh,et al.  Studies of the contact interaction between an air bubble and a mica surface submerged in dodecylammonium chloride solution , 1990 .

[142]  Mukul M. Sharma,et al.  Measurement of critical disjoining pressure for dewetting of solid surfaces , 1996 .

[143]  D. Grasso,et al.  A review of non-DLVO interactions in environmental colloidal systems , 2002 .

[144]  T. Austad,et al.  Smart Water as Wettability Modifier in Carbonate and Sandstone: A Discussion of Similarities/Differences in the Chemical Mechanisms , 2009 .

[145]  D. J. Mitchell,et al.  An exact but linear and Poisson—Boltzmann-like theory for electrolytes and colloid dispersions in the primitive model , 1992 .

[146]  P. Mulvaney,et al.  Double-Layer Interactions between Self-Assembled Monolayers of ω-Mercaptoundecanoic Acid on Gold Surfaces , 1998 .

[147]  M W Rutland,et al.  Hydration forces between silica surfaces: experimental data and predictions from different theories. , 2005, The Journal of chemical physics.

[148]  A. Cense,et al.  DIRECT EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF WETTABILITY MODIFICATION BY LOW SALINITY , 2010 .

[149]  H. Butt,et al.  Direct Measurement of Particle−Bubble Interactions in Aqueous Electrolyte: Dependence on Surfactant , 1998 .

[150]  R. Dagastine,et al.  Forces between two oil drops in aqueous solution measured by AFM. , 2004, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[151]  James J. Sheng,et al.  Critical review of low-salinity waterflooding , 2014 .

[152]  B. Derjaguin,et al.  Inclusion of structural forces in the theory of stability of colloids and films , 1985 .

[153]  Y. Gur,et al.  On the electrical double layer theory. II. The Poisson—Boltzmann equation including hydration forces , 1978 .

[154]  J. Quirk,et al.  The effect of cation valency on DLVO and hydration forces between macroscopic sheets of muscovite mica in relation to clay swelling , 1984 .

[155]  J. Ralston,et al.  Oscillatory and ion-correlation forces observed in direct force measurements between silica surfaces in concentrated CaCl2 solutions , 2000 .

[156]  J. Israelachvili.  Intermolecular and surface forces , 1985 .

[157]  W. Rossen,et al.  Insights into the Mechanism of Wettability Alteration by Low-Salinity Flooding (LSF) in Carbonates , 2015 .

[158]  S. Levine,et al.  Theory of the electric double layer using a modified poisson–boltzman equation , 1980 .

[159]  G. Peschel,et al.  The interaction of solid surfaces in aqueous systems , 1982 .

[160]  M. J. Sparnaay.  Corrections of the theory of the flat diffuse double layer , 2010 .

[161]  R. Yoon,et al.  Use of Atomic Force Microscope for the Measurements of Hydrophobic Forces between Silanated Silica Plate and Glass Sphere , 1994 .

[162]  Jan D. Miller,et al.  A study of bubble–particle interaction using atomic force microscopy , 2003 .

[163]  N. Ishida.  Direct measurement of hydrophobic particle–bubble interactions in aqueous solutions by atomic force microscopy: Effect of particle hydrophobicity , 2007 .

[164]  J. Newman,et al.  Equilibrium Force Isotherms of a Deformable Bubble/Drop Interacting with a Solid Particle across a Thin Liquid Film , 2001 .

[165]  H. Christenson,et al.  Very long range attractive forces between uncharged hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon surfaces in water , 1988 .

[166]  I. Larson,et al.  Electrokinetic and Direct Force Measurements between Silica and Mica Surfaces in Dilute Electrolyte Solutions , 1997 .

[167]  J. Israelachvili,et al.  Measurement of forces between two mica surfaces in aqueous electrolyte solutions in the range 0–100 nm , 1978 .

[168]  S. Marčelja,et al.  Double-layer interaction in the primitive model and the corresponding Poisson-Boltzmann description , 1986 .

[169]  M. Borkovec,et al.  Specific ion effects on particle aggregation induced by monovalent salts within the Hofmeister series. , 2015, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[170]  H. Butt,et al.  Detachment force of particles from air-liquid interfaces of films and bubbles. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[171]  T. Kondo,et al.  Electrostatic repulsion of ion penetrable charged membranes: role of Donnan potential. , 1987, Journal of theoretical biology.

[172]  Lee R. White,et al.  The calculation of hamaker constants from liftshitz theory with applications to wetting phenomena , 1980 .

[173]  D. E. Aston,et al.  Quantitative Analysis of Fluid Interface-Atomic Force Microscopy. , 2001, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[174]  J. Overbeek,et al.  Classical coagulation. London-van der Waals attraction between macroscopic objects , 1954 .

[175]  Hiroyuki Ohshima,et al.  Theory of Colloid and Interfacial Electric Phenomena , 2006 .

[176]  S. Marčelja,et al.  Spatially varying polarization in water. A model for the electric double layer and the hydration force , 1983 .

[177]  K. Sepehrnoori,et al.  Does the Double Layer Expansion Mechanism Contribute to the LSWI Effect on Hydrocarbon Recovery from Carbonate Rocks , 2013 .

[178]  Koichi Takamura,et al.  A Mechanism For Initiation of Bitumen Displacement From Oil Sand , 1983 .

[179]  P. Brady,et al.  Surface chemistry and silicate dissolution at elevated temperatures , 1992 .

[180]  A. Watts,et al.  Titration of the phase transition of phosphatidylserine bilayer membranes. Effects of pH, surface electrostatics, ion binding, and head-group hydration. , 1981, Biochemistry.

[181]  S. Shaddel,et al.  Alkali/Surfactant Improved Low-Salinity Waterflooding , 2015, Transport in Porous Media.

[182]  W. Richard Bowen,et al.  The calculation of dispersion forces for engineering applications , 1995 .

[183]  Gourdon,et al.  Film Drainage between Colliding Drops at Constant Approach Velocity: Experiments and Modeling. , 2000, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[184]  B. Liedberg,et al.  Self-Assembled Monolayers of Alkanethiolates on Thin Gold Films as Substrates for Surface Force Measurements. Long-Range Hydrophobic Interactions and Electrostatic Double-Layer Interactions , 1998 .

[185]  V. Parsegian,et al.  Hydration forces: Observations, explanations, expectations, questions , 2011 .

[186]  M. Andersson,et al.  How Naturally Adsorbed Material on Minerals Affects Low Salinity Enhanced Oil Recovery , 2014 .

[187]  R. Pashley.  Forces between mica surfaces in La3+ and Cr3+ electrolyte solutions , 1984 .

[188]  R. Dagastine,et al.  Forces between a Rigid Probe Particle and a Liquid Interface. , 2001, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[189]  Laurent Charlet,et al.  The surface chemistry of divalent metal carbonate minerals; a critical assessment of surface charge and potential data using the charge distribution multi-site ion complexation model , 2008, American Journal of Science.

[190]  S. Stipp,et al.  Probing the intrinsically oil-wet surfaces of pores in North Sea chalk at subpore resolution , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[191]  R. Horn.  Surface Forces and Their Action in Ceramic Materials , 1990 .

[192]  P. Levine.  The solution of a modified Poisson—Boltzmann equation for colloidal particles in electrolyte solutions , 1975 .

[193]  I. Collins,et al.  Ion adsorption-induced wetting transition in oil-water-mineral systems , 2015, Scientific Reports.

[194]  Ann Muggeridge,et al.  Recovery rates, enhanced oil recovery and technological limits , 2014, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[195]  Richard M. Pashley,et al.  Hydration forces between mica surfaces in electrolyte solutions , 1982 .