Spraying and Atomizing of Liquids

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Fundamentals of Drop Formation 2.1. Dripping and Jet Disintegration 2.2. Sheet or Lamella Disintegration 2.3. Dispersion of Liquids by Gas 3. Atomizing Apparatus 3.1. Single-Substance Pressure Nozzles 3.2. Pneumatic Atomizers 3.3. Atomization with Propellants 3.4. Rotary Atomizers 3.5. Ultrasonic Atomization 3.6. Electrostatic Atomization 4. Spray Evolution, Drop Size Measurements and Drop Size Distributions

[1]  Z. Dai,et al.  Temporal properties of secondary drop breakup in the multimode breakup regime , 2001 .

[2]  Y. Zimmels.  Use of Interfacial Energy Density in a Modified Bernoulli Equation for Characterization of Spraying Systems , 1995 .

[3]  K. Bauckhage,et al.  Bestimmung von Transportgrößen in Sprühkegeln , 1985 .

[4]  S. Matsumoto,et al.  STUDIES OF THE STANDARD DEVIATION OF SPRAYED DROP SIZE DISTRIBUTION , 1971 .

[5]  P. Walzel.  Zertropfen von Flüssigkeiten mittels Druckschwingungen , 1979 .

[6]  J. B. Kennedy,et al.  High Weber number SMD correlations for pressure atomizers. [Sauter Mean Diameter , 1985 .

[7]  Wolfgang V. Ohnesorge,et al.  Die Bildung von Tropfen an Düsen und die Auflösung flüssiger Strahlen , 1936 .

[8]  Geoffrey Ingram Taylor,et al.  The dynamics of thin sheets of fluid. III. Disintegration of fluid sheets , 1959, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[9]  W. Bond.  The surface tension of a moving water sheet , 1935 .

[10]  Katsuroku Takahashi,et al.  Drop size distribution for spray by full cone nozzle , 1978 .

[11]  K. Bauckhage,et al.  Auswirkung des Impulsaustausches zwischen kontinuierlicher und disperser Phase im Nahbereich einer Öl‐Brenner‐Düse , 1995 .

[12]  S. Matsumoto,et al.  PHENOMENAL TRANSITION OF LIQUID ATOMIZATION FROM DISK , 1974 .

[13]  M. Baird,et al.  Surface and interfacial tension measurement by drainage methods , 1981 .

[14]  J. Wesselingh,et al.  The velocity of particles, drops and bubbles , 1987 .

[15]  Christophe Dumouchel,et al.  Development of a Three‐parameter Volume‐based Spray Drop Size Distribution through the Application of the Maximum Entropy Formalism , 1999 .

[16]  K. Bauckhage.  Das Zerstäuben als Grundverfahren , 1990 .

[17]  K. Huh,et al.  Numerical Investigation of a Steady Non-Evaporating Hollow-Cone Spray Interacting with an Annular Air Jet , 2000 .

[18]  N. Dombrowski,et al.  Some aspects of liquid flow through fan spray nozzles , 1960 .

[19]  P. Walzel,et al.  Elektrostatisches Zerstäuben von Flüssigkeiten , 1997 .

[20]  J. Miles.  On the generation of surface waves by shear flows , 1957, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[21]  C. Sleicher,et al.  The instability of capillary jets , 1975, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[22]  W. Gösele.  Flüssigkeitszerteilung durch rotierende poröse Körper , 1968 .

[23]  A. Lefebvre,et al.  EFFERVESCENT ATOMIZATION AT LOW MASS FLOW RATES. PART I: THE INFLUENCE OF SURFACE TENSION , 1993 .

[24]  P. Walzel.  Koaleszenz von Flüssigkeitsstrahlen an Brausen , 1980 .

[25]  C. Tropea,et al.  Droplet-wall collisions: Experimental studies of the deformation and breakup process , 1995 .

[26]  P. Walzel.  4. Verfahrenstechnische Grenzen und Wirkungsgrad beim Versprühen von Flüssigkeiten , 1998 .

[27]  M. Plesniak,et al.  Entrainment by Ligament-Controlled Effervescent Atomizer-Produced Sprays , 1997, Proceedings of the 52nd INDUSTRIAL WASTE CONFERENCE May 5–7, 1997.

[28]  M. Pilch,et al.  Use of breakup time data and velocity history data to predict the maximum size of stable fragments for acceleration-induced breakup of a liquid drop , 1987 .

[29]  Franz X. Tanner,et al.  Simulation of Liquid Jet Atomization for Fuel Sprays by Means of a Cascade Drop Breakup Model , 1998 .

[30]  J. C. Huang.  The break-up of axisymmetric liquid sheets , 1970, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[31]  R. Pohlman,et al.  Optimierung der Vernebelung von Flüssigkeiten mit Ultraschall unter Berücksichtigung der Probleme bei höheren Frequenzen , 1976 .

[32]  Takao Tsukada,et al.  EFFECT OF WETTABILITY ON STATIC DROP FORMATION FROM A HOLE IN HORIZONTAL FLAT PLATE , 1981 .

[33]  Manfred Piesche,et al.  Design of hollow cone pressure swirl nozzles to atomize Newtonian fluids , 2000 .

[34]  R. P. Fraser,et al.  Drop formation from rapidly moving liquid sheets , 1962 .

[35]  A. J. Kelly.  Electrostatic metallic spray theory , 1976 .

[36]  Peter Walzel,et al.  Auslegung von Einstoff‐Druckdüsen , 1982 .

[37]  W. R. Johns,et al.  The aerodynamic instability and disintegration of viscous liquid sheets , 1963 .

[38]  U. Grigull,et al.  Der Strahlwinkel von Brennstoff-Dralldüsen bei kontinuierlicher Einspritzung , 1951 .

[39]  Melissa Orme,et al.  EXPERIMENTS ON DROPLET COLLISIONS, BOUNCE, COALESCENCE AND DISRUPTION , 1997 .

[40]  Emil J. Hopfinger,et al.  Break-up and atomization of a round water jet by a high-speed annular air jet , 1998, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[41]  M. Dosoudil.  Erzeugen gleichgroßer Tropfen nach dem Abtropfverfahren , 1971 .

[42]  T. Schröder,et al.  Design of Laminar Operating Rotary Atomizers under Consideration of the Detachment Geometry , 1998 .

[43]  M. Ruger,et al.  EULER/LAGRANGE CALCULATIONS OF TURBULENT SPRAYS: THE EFFECT OF DROPLET COLLISIONS AND COALESCENCE , 2000 .

[44]  W. Simm.  Elektrostatische Feinstzerstäubung von Flüssigkeiten , 1969 .

[45]  H. A. Troesch.  Die Zerstäubung von Flüssigkeiten: Die Zerstäubung von Flüssigkeiten , 1954 .

[46]  R. A. Mugele,et al.  Droplet Size Distribution in Sprays , 1951 .

[47]  A. Reinhart.  Das Verhalten fallender Tropfen , 1964 .

[48]  Kurt Leschonski,et al.  Die On-Line-Messung von Partikelgrößenverteilungen in Gasen und Flüssigkeiten , 1978 .

[49]  Sang Yong Lee,et al.  Dependence of spraying performance on the internal flow pattern in effervescent atomizers , 2001 .

[50]  Thomas Richter,et al.  Zerstäuben von Flüssigkeiten mit Hohlkegeldüsen , 1989 .

[51]  Udo Fritsching,et al.  Measurement of phase interaction in dispersed gas/particle two-phase flow , 2001 .

[52]  V. Drozin.  The electrical dispersion of liquids as aerosols , 1955 .

[53]  P. Lafaurie.  Biomarqueurs: les pollutions sous surveillance , 1998 .

[54]  P. Schmidt.  Zerteilen von Flüssigkeiten in gleich große Tropfen , 1967 .

[55]  S. Middleman,et al.  Newtonian jet stability , 1966 .

[56]  Mamoru Ishii,et al.  Generation and Size Distribution of Droplet in Annular Two-Phase Flow , 1983 .

[57]  P. Walzel.  Tropfenverteilungen und Wirkungsgrad beim Zerst?uben von Fl?ssigkeiten mit einer Turbulenzd?se , 1980 .

[58]  N. Lindblad,et al.  Production of uniform-sized liquid droplets , 1965 .

[59]  N. Dombrowski,et al.  A photographic investigation into the disintegration of liquid sheets , 1954, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[60]  M. Rein.  Phenomena of liquid drop impact on solid and liquid surfaces , 1993 .

[61]  A. Buerkholz.  Meßmethoden zur Tropfengrößenbestimmung , 1973 .

[62]  A. Dukler,et al.  Simultaneous measurement of size and velocity of bubbles or drops: A new optical technique , 1981 .

[63]  Rolf D. Reitz,et al.  Pressure-Swirl Atomization in the Near Field , 1999 .

[64]  Bernard Vonnegut,et al.  PRODUCTION OF MONODISPERSE LIQUID PARTICLES BY ELECTRICAL ATOMIZATION. (PROJECT CIRRUS). OCCASIONAL REPORT NO. 36. Seventh Occasional Report. MULTIPLE-STAGE DILUTION OF AEROSOLS BY USE OF ASPIRATORS. (PROJECT CIRRUS). OCCASIONAL REPORT NO. 37. Eighth Occasional Report , 1952 .

[65]  Rolf D. Reitz,et al.  EFFECT OF LIQUID PROPERTIES ON THE BREAKUP MECHANISM OF HIGH-SPEED LIQUID DROPS , 2001 .

[66]  R. S. Tankin,et al.  Study of liquid spray (water) in a condensable environment (steam) , 1984 .

[67]  Benjamin Y. H. Liu,et al.  Generation of monodisperse aerosol standards , 1973 .

[68]  A. Haenlein.  Über den Zerfall eines Flüssigkeitsstrahles , 1931 .

[69]  E. Muschelknautz,et al.  Atomization of liquids and suspensions with hollow cone nozzles , 1992 .

[70]  Thomas J. Hanratty,et al.  Initiation of roll waves in gas-liquid flows , 1985 .

[71]  Klaus Bauckhage,et al.  Das Zerstäuben metallischer Schmelzen , 1992 .

[72]  F. Löffler,et al.  Über den Einfluß der Tropfengrößenverteilung auf verfahrenstechnische Prozesse am Beispiel Naßabscheider , 1987 .

[73]  R. Phinney.  Stability of a laminar viscous jet-The influence of an ambient gas , 1973 .

[74]  Arthur H. Lefebvre,et al.  Internal flow characteristics of simplex swirl atomizers , 1984 .

[75]  J. A. Block,et al.  Aerodynamic behavior of liquid sprays , 1977 .

[76]  J. Seitz,et al.  Herstellung keramischer Schichten durch Thermolyse polymerer Precursoren , 1997 .

[77]  K. Thomer.  Maßnahmen zum Verbessern der pneumatischen Lackzerstäubung : Teilchengrößenbestimmung im Spritzstrahl , 1982 .

[78]  C. C. Miesse,et al.  Correlation of Experimental Data on the Disintegration of Liquid Jets , 1955 .

[79]  William A. Sirignano,et al.  Nonlinear capillary wave distortion and disintegration of thin planar liquid sheets , 1999, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[80]  H. S. Fogler,et al.  Acoustic emulsification. Part 1. The instability of the oil-water interface to form the initial droplets , 1978, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[81]  J. Michalski.  DEVELOPMENT OF DROPLET SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN FGD SPRAY TOWERS , 2000 .

[82]  M. Kuroda,et al.  DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT OF INTERNAL MIXING TWIN-FLUID ATOMIZERS , 1979 .

[83]  F. C. Haas.  Stability of droplets suddently exposed to a high velocity gas stream , 1964 .

[84]  M. Plesniak,et al.  LIGAMENT-CONTROLLED EFFERVESCENT ATOMIZATION , 1997 .

[85]  O. Molerus,et al.  Neues Verfahren zur Handhabung feinster Partikel und Herstellung dünner Schichten am Beispiel der Pulverlackierung mit Flüssigstickstoff , 1997 .

[86]  Martin Rhodes,et al.  Producing fine drops of water by twin-fluid atomisation , 1998 .

[87]  J. Schelling,et al.  Influence of atomiser design and coaxial gas velocity on gas entrainment into sprays , 1999 .

[88]  A. Singer,et al.  Atomization of Liquid Metals Using Twin Roller Technique , 1980 .

[89]  A. P. Watkins,et al.  On the prediction and structures of wide-angle full-cone liquid sprays , 2001 .

[90]  H. Squire.  Investigation of the instability of a moving liquid film , 1953 .

[91]  S. Ostrach,et al.  Film instabilities in two‐phase flows , 1965 .

[92]  F. Widmer,et al.  Herstellung von monodispersen Mikrokugeln mit pulsiertem Hüllstrahlprillen , 1997 .

[93]  Sang Yong Lee,et al.  Study of liquid spray (water) in a non-condensable environment (air) , 1984 .

[94]  B. J. Meister,et al.  Drop formation at low velocities in liquid‐liquid systems: Part I. Prediction of drop volume , 1968 .

[95]  J. F. Padday,et al.  The stability of axisymmetric menisci , 1973, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[96]  William D. Harkins,et al.  THE DETERMINATION OF SURFACE TENSION (FREE SURFACE ENERGY), AND THE WEIGHT OF FALLING DROPS: THE SURFACE TENSION OF WATER AND BENZENE BY THE CAPILLARY HEIGHT METHOD. , 1919 .

[97]  Stefan A. Krzeczkowski,et al.  MEASUREMENT OF LIQUID DROPLET DISINTEGRATION MECHANISMS , 1980 .

[98]  K. Bauckhage,et al.  Experimentelle Ermittlung der Detektionsflächengröße verschiedener Rückstreu-Phasen-Doppler-Anemometer , 1990 .

[99]  W. Mayer,et al.  Atomization and Breakup of Cryogenic Propellants Under High-Pressure Subcritical and Supercritical Conditions , 1998 .

[100]  P. Senecal,et al.  Modeling high-speed viscous liquid sheet atomization , 1999 .

[101]  J. Drallmeier,et al.  AN APPROACH FOR DETERMINING CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR COMMON SPRAY STATISTICS , 2001 .

[102]  J. Gore,et al.  EFFERVESCENT ATOMIZATION AT INJECTION PRESSURES IN THE MPa RANGE , 1999 .

[103]  J. Mitchell,et al.  Improvements to the May spinning-top aerosol generator , 1982 .

[104]  N. Dombrowski,et al.  Entrainment of air into a liquid spray , 1966 .

[105]  R. Reitz,et al.  Measurements of drop size at the spray edge near the nozzle in atomizing liquid jets , 1986 .

[106]  J. Hinze.  Fundamentals of the hydrodynamic mechanism of splitting in dispersion processes , 1955 .

[107]  Peter Walzel,et al.  Zerteilgrenze beim Tropfenprall , 1980 .

[108]  C. Tropea,et al.  The imaging properties of scattering particles in laser beams , 1999 .

[109]  S. Matsumoto,et al.  Droplet Size Distribution in Spray , 1969 .

[110]  A. J. Kelly.  Electrostatic‐spray theory , 1978 .

[111]  P. Walzel.  Turbulenter Zerfall von Flüssigkeitsstrahlen aus der Sicht der Ähnlichkeitstheorie , 1980 .

[112]  K. Bauckhage,et al.  Zur Bestimmung lokaler Massenstromdichten bei der Zerstäubung von Metallschmelzen , 1992 .

[113]  Gerard M. Faeth,et al.  Near-limit drop deformation and secondary breakup , 1992 .

[114]  E. Weidner,et al.  Herstellung von Pulverlacken durch Versprühen gashaltiger Schmelzen , 2000 .

[115]  J. D. Ford,et al.  Droplet size distribution: An improved method for fitting experimental data , 1976 .

[116]  Alfonso M. Gañán-Calvo,et al.  A novel pneumatic technique to generate steady capillary microjets , 1999 .

[117]  Hermann Hege,et al.  Flüssigkeitsauflösung durch Schleuderscheiben , 1964 .

[118]  C. Weber.  Zum Zerfall eines Flüssigkeitsstrahles , 1931 .