The blood-brain barrier in neuroinflammatory diseases.

The existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB)bwas revealed through studies by [Ehrlich (1885)][1] in the late 19th century, describing that brain tissue remained unstained after injection of a vital dye into the systemic blood circulation of rats. In contrast, the brain tissue was stained after

[1]  Timothy A. Springer,et al.  Adhesion receptors of the immune system , 1990, Nature.

[2]  R N Kalaria,et al.  The blood-brain barrier and cerebral microcirculation in Alzheimer disease. , 1992, Cerebrovascular and brain metabolism reviews.

[3]  A. Cross,et al.  Adhesion molecules on endothelial cells in the central nervous system: an emerging area in the neuroimmunology of multiple sclerosis. , 1990, Clinical immunology and immunopathology.

[4]  Thomas S. Reese,et al.  FINE STRUCTURAL LOCALIZATION OF A BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER TO EXOGENOUS PEROXIDASE , 1967, The Journal of cell biology.

[5]  M. Melamed,et al.  Multidrug-resistance gene (P-glycoprotein) is expressed by endothelial cells at blood-brain barrier sites. , 1989, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[6]  C. Wiley,et al.  Absence of Immorally mediated damage within the central nervous system of AIDS patients , 1989, Neurology.

[7]  P. Wesseling,et al.  Accumulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in senile plaques in brain tissue of patients with Alzheimer's disease. , 1994, The American journal of pathology.

[8]  M. Ball,et al.  Cerebral microvessels in Alzheimer's have reduced protein kinase C activity , 1995, Neurobiology of Aging.

[9]  C. Koh,et al.  Concordance and localization of maximal vascular permeability change and fibrin deposition in the central neuraxis of Lewis rats with cell-transferred experimental allergic encephalomyelitis , 1992, Journal of Neuroimmunology.

[10]  N J Abbott,et al.  Electrical resistance across the blood‐brain barrier in anaesthetized rats: a developmental study. , 1990, The Journal of physiology.

[11]  D. Price,et al.  Senile plaques in cortex of aged normal monkeys , 1985, Brain Research.

[12]  M. Hart,et al.  Eicosanoid metabolism in cerebromicrovascular endothelium. , 1988, The American journal of physiology.

[13]  K. Pettigrew,et al.  Drug entry into the brain , 1979, Brain Research.

[14]  E. Änggård,et al.  Prostaglandin Profiles in Tissue and Blood Vessels from Human Brain , 1980, Journal of neurochemistry.

[15]  A. Billiau,et al.  Interleukin 6 production in the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis , 1990, European journal of immunology.

[16]  H. Hartung,et al.  Soluble ICAM‐1 serum levels in multiple sclerosis and viral encephalitis , 1993, Neurology.

[17]  B. Navia,et al.  The AIDS dementia complex: II. Neuropathology , 1986, Annals of neurology.

[18]  J. Berman,et al.  The role of the blood-brain barrier in HIV infection of the central nervous system. , 1994, Advances in neuroimmunology.

[19]  P. H. Hashimoto.  Aspects of normal cerebrospinal fluid circulation and circumventricular organs. , 1992, Progress in Brain Research.

[20]  A. Cross,et al.  Upregulation and coexpression of adhesion molecules correlate with relapsing autoimmune demyelination in the central nervous system , 1990, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[21]  F Joó,et al.  Exposure of tumor necrosis factor‐α to luminal membrane of bovine brain capillary endothelial cells cocultured with astrocytes induces a delayed increase of permeability and cytoplasmic stress fiber formation of actin , 1995 .

[22]  H. Lassmann,et al.  Cellular immune reactivity within the CNS , 1986, Trends in Neurosciences.

[23]  M. Barrand,et al.  Comparisons of P‐glycoprotein expression in isolated rat brain microvessels and in primary cultures of endothelial cells derived from microvasculature of rat brain, epididymal fat pad and from aorta , 1995, FEBS letters.

[24]  R. Kalaria,et al.  Increased collagen content of cerebral microvessels in Alzheimer's disease , 1995, Brain Research.

[25]  P. Chan,et al.  Brain injury, edema, and vascular permeability changes induced by oxygen‐derived free radicals , 1984, Neurology.

[26]  P. Sawchenko,et al.  Type 1 interleukin‐1 receptor in the rat brain: Distribution, regulation, and relationship to sites of IL‐1–induced cellular activation , 1995, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[27]  G. Glenner,et al.  Alzheimer's disease: initial report of the purification and characterization of a novel cerebrovascular amyloid protein. , 1984, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[28]  T. Reese,et al.  JUNCTIONS BETWEEN INTIMATELY APPOSED CELL MEMBRANES IN THE VERTEBRATE BRAIN , 1969, The Journal of cell biology.

[29]  C. Patlak,et al.  A Spatial Analysis of the Blood—Brain Barrier Damage in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis , 1985, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[30]  H. Lassmann,et al.  Inflammation in the nervous system. Basic mechanisms and immunological concepts. , 1991, Revue neurologique.

[31]  B. Beutler,et al.  The biology of cachectin/TNF--a primary mediator of the host response. , 1989, Annual review of immunology.

[32]  J. Cervós-Navarro,et al.  Blood-brain barrier (BBB). Review from morphological aspect. , 1988, Histology and histopathology.

[33]  D. Long,et al.  Oxygen free radicals in the genesis of traumatic and peritumoral brain edema. , 1989, Neurosurgery.

[34]  W. Welch,et al.  How cells respond to stress. , 1993, Scientific American.

[35]  H. Vinters,et al.  Microvasculature in brain biopsy specimens from patients with Alzheimer's disease: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. , 1994, Ultrastructural Pathology.

[36]  W. Scheld,et al.  Recombinant human interleukin-1 induces meningitis and blood-brain barrier injury in the rat. Characterization and comparison with tumor necrosis factor. , 1991, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[37]  T. Nagafuji,et al.  Blockade of nitric oxide formation by Nω-nitro-l-arginine mitigates ischemic brain edema and subsequent cerebral infarction in rats , 1992, Neuroscience Letters.

[38]  K. Takakura,et al.  Enhancement of ATPase Activity by a Lipid Peroxide of Arachidonic Acid in Rat Brain Microvessels , 1986, Journal of neurochemistry.

[39]  Luz Claudio,et al.  Ultrastructural features of the blood-brain barrier in biopsy tissue from Alzheimer's disease patients , 1995, Acta Neuropathologica.

[40]  M. Bradbury.  The blood-brain barrier. Transport across the cerebral endothelium. , 1985, Circulation research.

[41]  H. Vinters,et al.  Immunoreactive A4 and gamma-trace peptide colocalization in amyloidotic arteriolar lesions in brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. , 1990, The American journal of pathology.

[42]  P. M. Daniel,et al.  Relation between the increase in the diffusional permeability of the blood-central nervous system barrier and other changes during the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the lewis rat , 1983, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[43]  E. Goldmann.  Die äussere und innere Sekretion des gesunden Organismus im Lichte der "vitalen Färbung" , 1909 .

[44]  Piet Borst,et al.  Substantial excretion of digoxin via the intestinal mucosa and prevention of long‐term digoxin accumulation in the brain by the mdrla P‐glycoprotein , 1996, British journal of pharmacology.

[45]  G. H. Nelson,et al.  Correlations Between Morphological Changes in Platelet Aggregates and Underlying Endothelial Damage in Cerebral Microcirculation of Mice , 1993, Stroke.

[46]  S. Hamano,et al.  [Childhood multiple sclerosis and allied demyelinative diseases]. , 1999, No to hattatsu = Brain and development.

[47]  M. Esiri,et al.  Blood-brain barrier damage in acute multiple sclerosis plaques. An immunocytological study. , 1991, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[48]  C. Abraham,et al.  Amyloid β-protein precursor and apolipoprotein E production in cultured cerebral endothelial cells isolated from brains of patients with neurodegenerative disorders at autopsy , 1995 .

[49]  M. Graeber,et al.  Identity of ED2‐positive perivascular cells in rat brain , 1989, Journal of neuroscience research.

[50]  Hong Wang,et al.  Induction of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Rat C6 Glioma Cells , 1994, Journal of neurochemistry.

[51]  W. Pardridge,et al.  Blood-brain barrier glucose transporter is asymmetrically distributed on brain capillary endothelial lumenal and ablumenal membranes: an electron microscopic immunogold study. , 1991, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[52]  J. H. Beijnen,et al.  Disruption of the mouse mdr1a P-glycoprotein gene leads to a deficiency in the blood-brain barrier and to increased sensitivity to drugs , 1994, Cell.

[53]  R. Rhodes.  Evidence of Serum-Protein Leakage Across the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , 1991, Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology.

[54]  F. Sánchez‐Madrid,et al.  Prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by antibodies against α4βl integrin , 1992, Nature.

[55]  C. Brosnan,et al.  Increased vesicular transport and decreased mitochondrial content in blood-brain barrier endothelial cells during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. , 1989, The American journal of pathology.

[56]  J. Ford.  Experimental reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance by pharmacological chemosensitisers. , 1996, European journal of cancer.

[57]  V. Perry,et al.  The acute inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide in cns parenchyma differs from that in other body tissues , 1992, Neuroscience.

[58]  Seung U. Kim,et al.  Oligodendroglial cell death induced by oxygen radicals and its protection by catalase , 1991, Journal of neuroscience research.

[59]  M. Juhler.  Pathophysiological aspects of acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis , 1988, Acta neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum.

[60]  R. Jacobs,et al.  The immunology of sepsis and meningitis--cytokine biology. , 1990, Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases. Supplementum.

[61]  P. Mecocci,et al.  Blood‐brain‐barrier in a geriatric population: barrier function in degenerative and vascular dementias , 1991, Acta neurologica Scandinavica.

[62]  C. Poser.  The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis , 1993, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[63]  I. Klatzo,et al.  Presidental address. Neuropathological aspects of brain edema. , 1967, Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology.

[64]  A. Unterberg,et al.  Mediators of Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction and Formation of Vasogenic Brain Edema , 1988, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[65]  M. Gottesman.  How cancer cells evade chemotherapy: sixteenth Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Award Lecture. , 1993, Cancer research.

[66]  H. Huynh,et al.  Effects of interferon-gamma on primary cultures of human brain microvessel endothelial cells. , 1993, The American journal of pathology.

[67]  C. Epstein,et al.  Cold‐induced brain edema and infarction are reduced in transgenic mice overexpressing CuZn‐Superoxide dismutase , 1991, Annals of neurology.

[68]  J. Remacle,et al.  Stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis by human endothelial cells exposed to hypoxia. , 1993, The American journal of physiology.

[69]  E. Westergaard.  Ultrastructural permeability properties of cerebral microvasculature under normal and experimental conditions after application of tracers. , 1980, Advances in neurology.

[70]  C. Ábrahám,et al.  Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor α constricts pial arterioles and increases blood-brain barrier permeability in newborn piglets , 1992, Neuroscience Letters.

[71]  R. Kalaria,et al.  Blood‐Brain Barrier Monoamine Oxidase: Enzyme Characterization in Cerebral Microvessels and Other Tissues from Six Mammalian Species, Including Human , 1987, Journal of neurochemistry.

[72]  S. Harik.  Changes in the glucose transporter of brain capillaries. , 1992, Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology.

[73]  I. J. Evans,et al.  A family of related ATP-binding subunits coupled to many distinct biological processes in bacteria , 1986, Nature.

[74]  L. Pitts,et al.  Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier after fluid percussion brain injury in the rat: Part 2: Effect of hypoxia on permeability to plasma proteins. , 1992, Journal of neurotrauma.

[75]  A. Tunkel,et al.  Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of bacterial meningitis , 1993, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[76]  R. Stocker,et al.  Selective degeneration of oligodendrocytes mediated by reactive oxygen species. , 1990, Free radical research communications.

[77]  H. D. de Vries,et al.  Interleukin‐1 receptors on rat brain endothelial cells: a role in neuroimmune interaction? , 1996, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[78]  H. Weiner,et al.  T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis and Inflammatory Central Nervous System Diseases , 1987, Immunological reviews.

[79]  P. Chan,et al.  Metabolic basis of brain edema. , 1980, Advances in neurology.

[80]  Takao Shimizu,et al.  Arachidonic Acid Cascade and Signal Transduction , 1990, Journal of neurochemistry.

[81]  L. Goodman,et al.  The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics , 1941 .

[82]  H. Gendelman,et al.  Mechanisms for the transendothelial migration of HIV-1-infected monocytes into brain. , 1996, Journal of immunology.

[83]  P. Dore‐Duffy,et al.  Expression of immunologically relevant endothelial cell activation antigens on isolated central neurvous system microvessels from patients with multiple sclerosis , 1994, Annals of neurology.

[84]  D. Keppler,et al.  Transport of glutathione, glucuronate, and sulfate conjugates by the MRP gene-encoded conjugate export pump. , 1996, Cancer research.

[85]  R. Pluta,et al.  Early blood-brain barrier changes in the rat following transient complete cerebral ischemia induced by cardiac arrest , 1994, Brain Research.

[86]  Kalaria Rn,et al.  The blood-brain barrier and cerebral microcirculation in Alzheimer disease. , 1992 .

[87]  M. Moskowitz,et al.  Oxygen radicals in cerebral ischemia. , 1992, The American journal of physiology.

[88]  E. Dempsey,et al.  AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER IN THE RAT, EMPLOYING SILVER NITRATE AS A VITAL STAIN , 1955, The Journal of biophysical and biochemical cytology.

[89]  K. Blennow,et al.  Altered blood‐brain‐barrier function in Alzheimer's disease? , 1994, Acta neurologica Scandinavica.

[90]  V. Sasseville,et al.  Elevated vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in AIDS encephalitis induced by simian immunodeficiency virus. , 1992, The American journal of pathology.

[91]  M. Barrand,et al.  Localisation of the multidrug resistance-associated protein, MRP, in resistant large-cell lung tumour cells. , 1995, Biochemical pharmacology.

[92]  E. Hansen,et al.  Haemophilus influenzae lipopolysaccharide-induced blood brain barrier permeability during experimental meningitis in the rat. , 1988, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[93]  R. Rothlein,et al.  Endothelial cell expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the central nervous system of guinea pigs during acute and chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis , 1990, Journal of Neuroimmunology.

[94]  C. Masters,et al.  Amyloid plaque core protein in Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome. , 1985, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[95]  W. Pardridge.  Blood-brain transport of nutrients. Introduction. , 1986, Federation proceedings.

[96]  D. Levêque,et al.  P-glycoprotein and pharmacokinetics. , 1995, Anticancer research.

[97]  R. Spector.  Drug transport in the central nervous system: role of carriers. , 1990, Pharmacology.

[98]  C. Wiley,et al.  HIV infection and the brain. , 1991, AIDS (London).

[99]  P. Borst,et al.  What have we learnt thus far from mice with disrupted P-glycoprotein genes? , 1996, European journal of cancer.

[100]  E. Tuomanen,et al.  Breaching the blood-brain barrier. , 1993, Scientific American.

[101]  S. Wesselingh,et al.  Elevated central nervous system prostaglandins in human immunodeficiency virus—associated dementia , 1994, Annals of neurology.

[102]  B. Giometto,et al.  Immune activation in multiple sclerosis: study of IL-2, sIL-2R, and γ-IFN levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid , 1989, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[103]  L. Osborn,et al.  Leukocyte adhesion to endothelium in inflammation , 1990, Cell.

[104]  C. Plata-salamán.  Immunoregulators in the nervous system , 1991, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[105]  M. Salcman,et al.  Expanding the definition of the blood-brain barrier to protein. , 1981, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[106]  G. Sutherland,et al.  Three openings of the blood-brain barrier produced by forebrain ischemia in the rat , 1993, Neuroscience Letters.

[107]  V. Vullo,et al.  Cerebrospinal fluid myelin basic protein as predictive marker of demyelination in AIDS dementia complex , 1992, Journal of Neuroimmunology.

[108]  K. Tracey,et al.  The Biology of Cachectin/Tumor Necrosis Factor , 1990 .

[109]  M C Willingham,et al.  Cellular localization of the multidrug-resistance gene product P-glycoprotein in normal human tissues. , 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[110]  J. Kuiper,et al.  The influence of cytokines on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier in vitro , 1996, Journal of Neuroimmunology.

[111]  M Danhof,et al.  Characterization of an "in vitro" blood-brain barrier: effects of molecular size and lipophilicity on cerebrovascular endothelial transport rates of drugs. , 1988, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[112]  P. Borst,et al.  Homozygous disruption of the murine MDR2 P-glycoprotein gene leads to a complete absence of phospholipid from bile and to liver disease , 1993, Cell.

[113]  S. Opal,et al.  Modulation of blood-brain barrier permeability by tumor necrosis factor and antibody to tumor necrosis factor in the rat. , 1992, Lymphokine and cytokine research.

[114]  A. Milton,et al.  STUDY ON THE POSSIBLE ENTRY OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXIN AND PROSTAGLANDIN E2 INTO THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM FROM THE BLOOD , 1979, British journal of pharmacology.

[115]  M. Iriki,et al.  Action site of circulating interleukin-1 on the rabbit brain , 1991, Brain Research.

[116]  J. Berliner,et al.  Induction of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in cultured cerebral endothelial cells by a product released by astrocytes , 1987, Brain Research.

[117]  E. Thompson,et al.  Increased levels of circulating ICAM-1 in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with active multiple sclerosis. Correlation with TNF-α and blood-brain barrier damage , 1993, Journal of Neuroimmunology.

[118]  W. Banks,et al.  Human interleukin (IL) 1 alpha, murine IL-1 alpha and murine IL-1 beta are transported from blood to brain in the mouse by a shared saturable mechanism. , 1991, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[119]  H. Vinters,et al.  A morphometric study of the blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer's disease. , 1992, Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology.

[120]  A. Moses,et al.  HIV infection of human brain capillary endothelial cells--implications for AIDS dementia. , 1994, Advances in neuroimmunology.

[121]  A. Tomasz,et al.  The induction of meningeal inflammation by components of the pneumococcal cell wall. , 1985, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[122]  J. Mcgiff.  Prostaglandins, prostacyclin, and thromboxanes. , 1981, Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology.

[123]  P. Cras,et al.  Neuronal and microglial involvement in beta-amyloid protein deposition in Alzheimer's disease. , 1990, The American journal of pathology.

[124]  M. Salcman,et al.  Transcytotic pathway for blood-borne protein through the blood-brain barrier. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[125]  W. Pardridge.  Blood-brain barrier transport of nutrients. , 2009, Nutrition reviews.

[126]  S. Wahl,et al.  Cytokines and neuropathology. , 1992, Trends in pharmacological sciences.

[127]  R. Kerbel,et al.  Expression and functional activity of P-glycoprotein in cultured cerebral capillary endothelial cells. , 1992, Cancer research.

[128]  W. Mcdonald,et al.  Patterns of blood-brain barrier breakdown in inflammatory demyelination. , 1991, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[129]  K. Audus,et al.  Catecholamine‐Metabolizing Enzymes of Bovine Brain Microvessel Endothelial Cell Monolayers , 1986, Journal of neurochemistry.

[130]  U. Dirnagl,et al.  Superoxide dismutase inhibits brain oedema formation in experimental pneumococcal meningitis. , 1990, Acta neurochirurgica. Supplementum.

[131]  K. Black,et al.  The effect of 5-lipoxygenase inhibition on blood-brain barrier permeability in experimental brain tumors. , 1992, Journal of neurosurgery.

[132]  J. Prineas,et al.  Blood‐Brain Barrier Abnormalities in Longstanding Multiple Sclerosis Lesions. An Immunohistochemical Study , 1994, Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology.

[133]  A. Moor,et al.  Lymphocyte adhesion to brain capillary endothelial cells in vitro , 1994, Journal of Neuroimmunology.

[134]  R. Price,et al.  The AIDS dementia complex. , 1988, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[135]  G. Pryce,et al.  Lymphocyte migration into the CNS modelled in vitro , 1992, Journal of Neuroimmunology.

[136]  M. Hart,et al.  Adhesion molecules on murine brain microvascular endothelial cells: expression and regulation of ICAM-1 and Lgp 55 , 1992, Journal of Neuroimmunology.

[137]  Nitric oxide modulates blood‐brain barrier permeability during infections with an inactivated bacterium , 1995, Neuroreport.

[138]  J. Kuiper,et al.  Eicosanoid production by rat cerebral endothelial cells: Stimulation by lipopolysaccharide, interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 , 1995, Journal of Neuroimmunology.

[139]  F. Joó,et al.  Role of cerebral endothelium in brain oedema. , 1989, Neurological research.

[140]  A. Moor,et al.  The blood-brain barrier and multiple sclerosis. , 1994, Biochemical pharmacology.