Use of Flow Cytometry To Monitor Legionella Viability

ABSTRACT Legionella viability was monitored during heat shock treatment at 70°C by a flow cytometric assay (FCA). After 30 min of treatment, for 6 of the 12 strains tested, the FCA still detected 10 to 25% of cells that were viable but nonculturable (VBNC). These VBNC cells were able to produce ATP and to be resuscitated after culture on amoebae.

[1]  Y. Lévi,et al.  Amoebae in domestic water systems: resistance to disinfection treatments and implication in Legionella persistence , 2004, Journal of applied microbiology.

[2]  M. T. García,et al.  Acanthamoeba polyphaga resuscitates viable non-culturable Legionella pneumophila after disinfection. , 2007, Environmental microbiology.

[3]  K. Gin,et al.  Monitoring of active but non-culturable bacterial cells by flow cytometry. , 2005, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[4]  Barry S. Fields,et al.  Legionella and Legionnaires' Disease: 25 Years of Investigation , 2002, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[5]  R. A. Deininger,et al.  Detection of E. coli in beach water within 1 hour using immunomagnetic separation and ATP bioluminescence. , 2004, Luminescence : the journal of biological and chemical luminescence.

[6]  R. Hand,et al.  Application of flow cytometry to detection and characterization of Legionella spp , 1985, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[7]  Frederik Hammes,et al.  Assessment and Interpretation of Bacterial Viability by Using the LIVE/DEAD BacLight Kit in Combination with Flow Cytometry , 2007, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[8]  Daniel Hoefel,et al.  Enumeration of water-borne bacteria using viability assays and flow cytometry: a comparison to culture-based techniques. , 2003, Journal of microbiological methods.

[9]  R. Atlas Legionella: from environmental habitats to disease pathology, detection and control. , 1999, Environmental microbiology.

[10]  J Hacker,et al.  Regrowth of Legionella pneumophila in a heat-disinfected plumbing system. , 1998, Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie : international journal of medical microbiology.

[11]  W. Verstraete,et al.  Necrotrophic Growth of Legionella pneumophila , 2006, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[12]  P. Servais,et al.  Combining direct viable count (DVC) and fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) to enumerate viable E. coil in rivers and wastewaters. , 2004, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[13]  J. Block,et al.  Nucleic acid fluorochromes and flow cytometry prove useful in assessing the effect of chlorination on drinking water bacteria. , 2005, Water research.

[14]  J. Oliver The viable but nonculturable state in bacteria. , 2005, Journal of microbiology.

[15]  R. Desjardins,et al.  LIVE/DEAD BacLight : application of a new rapid staining method for direct enumeration of viable and total bacteria in drinking water. , 1999, Journal of microbiological methods.

[16]  Sergiu Fendrihan,et al.  Evaluation of the LIVE/DEAD BacLight Kit for Detection of Extremophilic Archaea and Visualization of Microorganisms in Environmental Hypersaline Samples , 2004, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[17]  P. Roslev,et al.  Formation of nonculturable Escherichia coli in drinking water , 2005, Journal of applied microbiology.

[18]  S. Stocks Mechanism and use of the commercially available viability stain, BacLight , 2004, Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology.

[19]  P. Laurenti,et al.  Prospective 3-Year Surveillance for Nosocomial and Environmental Legionella pneumophila: Implications for Infection Control , 2006, Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.

[20]  M. Ferrús,et al.  Double-Staining Method for Differentiation of Morphological Changes and Membrane Integrity of Campylobacter coli Cells , 2002, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[21]  P. Lebaron,et al.  Use of fluorescent probes to assess physiological functions of bacteria at single-cell level. , 2000, Microbes and infection.

[22]  R Amann,et al.  Resuscitation of viable but nonculturable Legionella pneumophila Philadelphia JR32 by Acanthamoeba castellanii , 1997, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[23]  F. Vandenesch,et al.  Clinical and Environmental Distributions of Legionella Strains in France Are Different , 2004, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[24]  C. Hewitt,et al.  Analysis of bacterial function by multi-colour fluorescence flow cytometry and single cell sorting. , 2000, Journal of microbiological methods.

[25]  B. J. Price,et al.  Rapid detection of Legionella pneumophila by flow cytometry. , 1982, Cytometry.

[26]  M R Barer,et al.  Bacterial viability and culturability. , 1999, Advances in microbial physiology.