Importance of toxicokinetics for interspecies variation in sensitivity to chemicals.

Interspecies variation in sensitivity to synthetic chemicals can be orders of magnitude large. Species traits causing the variation can be related to toxicokinetics (uptake, distribution, biotransformation, elimination) or toxicodynamics (interaction with biological target sites). We present an approach to systematically measure and model the contribution of uptake, biotransformation, internal distribution, and elimination kinetics toward species sensitivity differences. The aim is to express sensitivity as target tissue specific, internal lethal concentrations. A case study with the pesticides diazinon, imidacloprid, and propiconazole and the aquatic invertebrates Gammarus pulex, Gammarus fossarum, and Lymnaea stagnalis illustrates the approach. L. stagnalis accumulates more pesticides than Gammaridae when measured in whole organisms but less in target tissues such as the nervous system. Toxicokinetics, i.e. biotransformation and distribution, explain the higher tolerance of L. stagnalis to the insecticide diazinon when compared to Gammaridae. L. stagnalis was again more tolerant to the other neurotoxicant imidacloprid; however, the difference in sensitivity could not be explained by toxicokinetics alone, indicating the importance of toxicodynamic differences. Sensitivity to propiconazole was comparable among all species and, when expressed as internal lethal concentrations, falls in the range of baseline toxicity.

[1]  Donald J Baird,et al.  A new method for ranking mode‐specific sensitivity of freshwater arthropods to insecticides and its relationship to biological traits , 2010, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[2]  J. Kreuger.  Pesticides in stream water within an agricultural catchment in southern Sweden, 1990-1996. , 1998, The Science of the total environment.

[3]  Roman Ashauer,et al.  Toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic modelling of survival of Gammarus pulex in multiple pulse exposures to propiconazole: model assumptions, calibration data requirements and predictive power , 2012, Ecotoxicology.

[4]  D. Mackay,et al.  Enhancing ecotoxicological modeling and assessment. Body Residues and Modes Of Toxic Action , 1993 .

[5]  Dick de Zwart,et al.  Novel view on predicting acute toxicity: decomposing toxicity data in species vulnerability and chemical potency. , 2007, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[6]  C. Stamm,et al.  Significance of urban and agricultural land use for biocide and pesticide dynamics in surface waters. , 2010, Water research.

[7]  J. Hermens,et al.  Modes of action in ecotoxicology: their role in body burdens, species sensitivity, QSARs, and mixture effects. , 2002, Environmental science & technology.

[8]  J. Jokela,et al.  Spatial Distribution of Cryptic Species Diversity in European Freshwater Amphipods (Gammarus fossarum) as Revealed by Pyrosequencing , 2011, PloS one.

[9]  Junho Jeon,et al.  Biotransformation pathways of biocides and pharmaceuticals in freshwater crustaceans based on structure elucidation of metabolites using high resolution mass spectrometry. , 2013, Chemical research in toxicology.

[10]  Roman Ashauer,et al.  Toxicokinetic variation in 15 freshwater arthropod species exposed to the insecticide chlorpyrifos , 2010, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[11]  R. Tjeerdema,et al.  Fate and effects of diazinon. , 2000, Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[12]  Donald J. Baird,et al.  Species traits as predictors for intrinsic sensitivity of aquatic invertebrates to the insecticide chlorpyrifos , 2012, Ecotoxicology.

[13]  D. Livingstone,et al.  Components of the cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase system and 'NADPH-independent benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase' activity in a wide range of marine invertebrate species. , 2005, Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP.

[14]  J. Abbink.  The biochemistry of imidacloprid , 1991 .

[15]  Theodore Garland,et al.  Aquatic insect ecophysiological traits reveal phylogenetically based differences in dissolved cadmium susceptibility , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[16]  M. Snyder.  Aquatic P450 Species , 2007 .

[17]  D. Mackay,et al.  ENHANCING ECOTOXICOLOGICAL MODELING AND ASSESSMENT , 1993 .

[18]  J. Webster,et al.  The role of macroinvertebrates in stream ecosystem function. , 1996, Annual review of entomology.

[19]  J. Hermens,et al.  Pattern analysis of the variation in the sensitivity of aquatic species to toxicants. , 1997, Chemosphere.

[20]  S. Reynolds,et al.  [3H]Imidacloprid Labels High- and Low-Affinity Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor-like Binding Sites in the AphidMyzus persicae(Hemiptera: Aphididae) , 1998 .

[21]  R. Coe,et al.  Quantitative whole-body autoradiography. , 2000, Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP.

[22]  W. Slooff,et al.  Comparison of the susceptibility of 22 freshwater species to 15 chemical compounds. I. (Sub)acute toxicity tests , 1983 .

[23]  J. Schlatter,et al.  Azole fungicides affect mammalian steroidogenesis by inhibiting sterol 14 alpha-demethylase and aromatase. , 2002, Environmental health perspectives.

[24]  Astrid Schmidt-Kloiber,et al.  The AQEM/STAR taxalist : a pan-European macro-invertebrate ecological database and taxa inventory , 2006 .

[25]  A. Verma,et al.  Studies on the Seasonal Variation in Lipid Composition of Muscles, Hepatopancreas and Ovary of Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium dayanum (Henderson) During Reproductive Cycle , 2011 .

[26]  Konrad Hungerbühler,et al.  Toxic ratio as an indicator of the intrinsic toxicity in the assessment of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic chemicals. , 2004, Environmental science & technology.

[27]  Roman Ashauer,et al.  Toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic modeling explains carry-over toxicity from exposure to diazinon by slow organism recovery. , 2010, Environmental science & technology.

[28]  G. Ankley,et al.  Piperonyl butoxide as a tool in aquatic toxicological research with organophosphate insecticides. , 1991, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[29]  R. NagareK.,et al.  Alterations in lipid Contents of Infected and non- Infected Snail Lymnaea Acuminata During Patency Period from Aurangabad (M.S.) , 2011 .

[30]  L. Lagadic,et al.  Effects of Self-Fertilization, Environmental Stress and Exposure to Xenobiotics on Fitness-Related Traits of the Freshwater Snail Lymnaea stagnalis , 2006, Ecotoxicology.

[31]  W. Winlow,et al.  Respiratory behavior in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis , 1991, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[32]  Roman Ashauer,et al.  Significance of Xenobiotic Metabolism for Bioaccumulation Kinetics of Organic Chemicals in Gammarus pulex , 2012, Environmental science & technology.

[33]  U. Žibrat,et al.  Effects of Exposing Two Non-Target Crustacean Species, Asellus aquaticus L., and Gammarus fossarum Koch., to Atrazine and Imidacloprid , 2010, Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[34]  Roman Ashauer,et al.  Uptake and depuration of pharmaceuticals in aquatic invertebrates. , 2012, Environmental pollution.

[35]  T. Gojobori,et al.  Evolution of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits. , 1998, Molecular biology and evolution.

[36]  J. Jenkins,et al.  Respiratory strategy is a major determinant of [3H]water and [14C]chlorpyrifos uptake in aquatic insects , 2002 .

[37]  Donald J Baird,et al.  Using biological traits to predict species sensitivity to toxic substances. , 2007, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[38]  M. Liess,et al.  Rank Ordering of Macroinvertebrate Species Sensitivityto Toxic Compounds by Comparison with That of , 2001 .

[39]  L. McCarty,et al.  10th Anniversary Critical Review: The tissue-residue approach for toxicity assessment: concepts, issues, application, and recommendations. , 2008, Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM.

[40]  J E Chambers,et al.  Biochemical mechanisms contributing to species differences in insecticidal toxicity. , 1995, Toxicology.

[41]  Lorraine Maltby,et al.  Insecticide species sensitivity distributions: Importance of test species selection and relevance to aquatic ecosystems , 2005, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[42]  Joop L. M. Hermens,et al.  Variation in Sensitivity of Aquatic Species to Toxicants: Practical Consequences for Effect Assessment of Chemical Substances , 2000, Environmental management.

[43]  D. Livingstone.  The fate of organic xenobiotics in aquatic ecosystems: quantitative and qualitative differences in biotransformation by invertebrates and fish. , 1998, Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology.

[44]  M. Liess,et al.  Rank Ordering of Macroinvertebrate Species Sensitivityto Toxic Compounds by Comparison with That of Daphnia magna , 2001, Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[45]  Roman Ashauer,et al.  Bioaccumulation kinetics of organic xenobiotic pollutants in the freshwater invertebrate Gammarus pulex modeled with prediction intervals , 2010, Environmental toxicology and chemistry.

[46]  D. Sutcliffe.  Quantitative aspects of oxygen uptake by Gammarus (Crustacea, Amphipoda): a critical review , 1984 .