Hoigne's syndrome, kindling, and panic disorder

A review of Hoigne's syndrome (HS) is presented, and 47 cases of putative procaine penicillin‐induced HS are discussed within the context of kindling models of human psychopathology. Sixty percent of the individuals with HS in our retrospective study reported a lifetime history of panic disorder. The risk factors and causal relationships among repeated injection of procaine penicillin, HS, and anxiety disorders, particularly panic disorder, require further investigation. Depression and Anxiety 4:139–143, 1996/1997.© 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.