Predictive Modeling of VO2max Based on 20 m Shuttle Run Test for Young Healthy People

This study presents mathematical models for predicting VO2max based on a 20 m shuttle run and anthropometric parameters. The research was conducted with data provided by 308 young healthy people (aged 20.6 ± 1.6). The research group includes 154 females (aged 20.3 ± 1.2) and 154 males (aged 20.8 ± 1.8). Twenty-four variables were used to build the models, including one dependent variable and 23 independent variables. The predictive methods of analysis include: the classical model of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, regularized methods such as ridge regression and Lasso regression, artificial neural networks such as the multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF) network. All models were calculated in R software (version 3.5.0, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). The study also involved variable selection methods (Lasso and stepwise regressions) to identify optimum predictors for the analysed study group. In order to compare and choose the best model, leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) was used. The paper presents three types of models: for females, males and the whole group. An analysis has revealed that the models for females ( RMSE C V = 4.07 mL·kg−1·min−1) are characterised by a smaller degree of error as compared to male models ( RMSE C V = 5.30 mL·kg−1·min−1). The model accounting for sex generated an error level of RMSE C V = 4.78 mL·kg−1·min−1.

[1]  José Manuel Benítez,et al.  Neural Networks in R Using the Stuttgart Neural Network Simulator: RSNNS , 2012 .

[2]  M. Bayati,et al.  Relationship between Body Composition and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Students at Postgraduate Level , 2018 .

[3]  J. Holloszy,et al.  Gender differences in the decline in aerobic capacity and its physiological determinants during the later decades of life. , 2006, Journal of applied physiology.

[4]  A. Geliebter,et al.  Comparison of body adiposity index (BAI) and bmi with estimations of % body fat in clinically severe obese women , 2012, Obesity.

[5]  E. González-Jiménez,et al.  Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Adiposity, and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Schoolchildren: The FUPRECOL Study , 2017, Western journal of nursing research.

[6]  J. Kampert,et al.  Cardiorespiratory fitness is an independent predictor of hypertension incidence among initially normotensive healthy women. , 2006, American journal of epidemiology.

[7]  Peijie Chen,et al.  Relationships among anthropometric characteristics, muscular fitness, and sprint performance in adolescents , 2018, Isokinetics and Exercise Science.

[8]  J. Mota,et al.  Cardiorespiratory fitness and inflammatory profile on cardiometabolic risk in adolescents from the LabMed Physical Activity Study , 2017, European Journal of Applied Physiology.

[9]  Junior Resident,et al.  Correlation of body composition to aerobic capacity; A cross sectional study , 2016 .

[10]  L. Sardinha,et al.  Cardiorespiratory fitness effect may be under-estimated in ‘fat but fit’ hypothesis studies , 2017, Annals of human biology.

[11]  J. Lang Exploring the utility of cardiorespiratory fitness as a population health surveillance indicator for children and youth: An international analysis of results from the 20-m shuttle run test. , 2018, Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme.

[12]  Lee Smith,et al.  Effects of a 12-week-long program of vigorous-intensity physical activity on the body composition of 10-and 11-year-old children , 2017 .

[13]  T. Takken,et al.  Reference values for cardiopulmonary exercise testing in healthy adults: a systematic review , 2014, Expert review of cardiovascular therapy.

[14]  M. Bhutkar,et al.  Association between Cardio Respiratory Fitness and Sedentary Life Style. , 2015 .

[15]  Terrence J. Sejnowski,et al.  Unsupervised Learning , 2018, Encyclopedia of GIS.

[16]  Leonard A Kaminsky,et al.  Importance of Assessing Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Clinical Practice: A Case for Fitness as a Clinical Vital Sign A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association , 2016, Circulation.

[17]  M. Grabara,et al.  BMI and BAI as Markers of Obesity in a Caucasian Population , 2013, Obesity Facts.

[18]  Amit Bandyopadhyay Validity of 20 meter multi-stage shuttle run test for estimation of maximum oxygen uptake in male university students. , 2011, Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology.

[19]  Adalberto Veronese da Costa,et al.  Validation of an equation for estimating maximal oxygen consumption of nonexpert adult swimmers , 2013, Open access journal of sports medicine.

[20]  G. Fellingham,et al.  Prediction of VO2max in Children and Adolescents Using Exercise Testing and Physical Activity Questionnaire Data , 2016, Research quarterly for exercise and sport.

[21]  T. Su,et al.  Physical activity, body composition and lipids changes in adolescents: analysis from the MyHeART Study , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[22]  S. Keteyian,et al.  Change in Maximal Exercise Capacity Is Associated With Survival in Men and Women , 2017, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[23]  Daniel Mayorga-Vega,et al.  Criterion-Related Validity of the 20-M Shuttle Run Test for Estimating Cardiorespiratory Fitness: A Meta-Analysis. , 2015, Journal of sports science & medicine.

[24]  Matthew T Mahar,et al.  Estimation of aerobic fitness from 20-m multistage shuttle run test performance. , 2011, American journal of preventive medicine.

[25]  Sally P Williams,et al.  Cardiorespiratory fitness is a stronger indicator of cardiometabolic risk factors and risk prediction than self-reported physical activity levels , 2015, Diabetes & vascular disease research.

[26]  Martin Burtscher,et al.  Survival of the fittest: VO2max, a key predictor of longevity? , 2018, Frontiers in bioscience.

[27]  R. Ross,et al.  Cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates metabolic risk independent of abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat in men. , 2005, Diabetes care.

[28]  José Carlos Ribeiro,et al.  Calculation and validation of models for estimating VO2max from the 20-m shuttle run test in children and adolescents , 2012 .

[29]  M. Heo,et al.  Waist circumference-to-height ratio predicts adiposity better than body mass index in children and adolescents , 2013, International Journal of Obesity.

[30]  S. Fallows,et al.  Comparison of Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Adiposity Index (BAI), Waist Circumference (WC), Waist-To-Hip Ratio (WHR) and Waist-To-Height Ratio (WHtR) as Predictors of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in an Adult Population in Singapore , 2015, PloS one.

[31]  G. Filippatos,et al.  Body surface area as a prognostic marker in chronic heart failure patients: results from the Heart Failure Registry of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology , 2016, European journal of heart failure.

[32]  Ł. Radzimiński,et al.  Effects of a 12-week physical education program on the body composition of 10- and 11-year-old children , 2017 .

[33]  M. Fitchett Predictability of VO2 max from submaximal cycle ergometer and bench stepping tests. , 1985, British journal of sports medicine.

[34]  Mehmet Fatih Akay,et al.  Developing new VO2max prediction models from maximal, submaximal and questionnaire variables using support vector machines combined with feature selection , 2016, Comput. Biol. Medicine.

[35]  Steven B Heymsfield,et al.  Comparisons of waist circumferences measured at 4 sites. , 2003, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[36]  A. Pérez-Bey,et al.  Cardiorespiratory Fitness Cutoff Points for Early Detection of Present and Future Cardiovascular Risk in Children: A 2‐Year Follow‐up Study , 2017, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[37]  K. Magutah,et al.  Cardio-respiratory fitness markers among Kenyan university students using a 20m shuttle run test (SRT). , 2013, African health sciences.

[38]  Y Schutz,et al.  Fat-free mass index and fat mass index percentiles in Caucasians aged 18–98 y , 2002, International Journal of Obesity.

[39]  A. Kęska,et al.  The physique and body composition of students studying physical education: a preliminary report. , 2012, Pediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism.

[40]  M. Stojanović Accuracy and Criterion-Related Validity of the 20M Shuttle Run Test in Well-Trained Young Basketball Players , 2016 .

[41]  R. Tibshirani Regression Shrinkage and Selection via the Lasso , 1996 .

[42]  S. Blair,et al.  Association of Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Coronary Heart Disease in Asymptomatic Men. , 2015, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[43]  Mehmet Fatih Akay,et al.  Machine learning and statistical methods for the prediction of maximal oxygen uptake: recent advances , 2015, Medical devices.

[44]  S. Blair,et al.  Longitudinal cardiorespiratory fitness algorithms for clinical settings. , 2012, American journal of preventive medicine.

[45]  Arthur E. Hoerl,et al.  Ridge Regression: Biased Estimation for Nonorthogonal Problems , 2000, Technometrics.

[46]  K. Cooper,et al.  Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Long-Term Survival in “Low-Risk” Adults , 2012, Journal of the American Heart Association.

[47]  L. Andersen,et al.  Gender differences and determinants of aerobic fitness in children aged 8–11 years , 2006, European Journal of Applied Physiology.

[48]  Amit Bandyopadhyay Validity of 20 meter multi-stage shuttle run test for estimation of maximum oxygen uptake in female university students. , 2013, Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology.

[49]  M. Lombardi,et al.  Impact of increased visceral and cardiac fat on cardiometabolic risk and disease , 2012, Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association.

[50]  Martin Heller,et al.  Measurement site for waist circumference affects its accuracy as an index of visceral and abdominal subcutaneous fat in a Caucasian population. , 2010, The Journal of nutrition.

[51]  L. Léger,et al.  The multistage 20 metre shuttle run test for aerobic fitness. , 1988, Journal of sports sciences.

[52]  Wilfried De Backer,et al.  Body surface area in normal-weight, overweight, and obese adults. A comparison study. , 2006, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[53]  Yasuo Ohashi,et al.  Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis. , 2009, JAMA.

[54]  W. Gulliver,et al.  Comparison of multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for assessment of percentage body fat in a large, healthy population. , 2005, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[55]  A. Bosy-Westphal,et al.  Measurement of Waist Circumference at Four Different Sites in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: Concordance and Correlation with Nutritional Status as well as Cardiometabolic Risk Factors , 2008, Obesity Facts.

[56]  Izumi Tabata,et al.  Predicting VO2max with an objectively measured physical activity in Japanese women. , 2010, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[57]  P. Katzmarzyk,et al.  Variability in Waist Circumference Measurements According to Anatomic Measurement Site , 2009, Obesity.

[58]  S. Keteyian,et al.  Maximal exercise testing variables and 10-year survival: fitness risk score derivation from the FIT Project. , 2015, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[59]  A. Lucia,et al.  The champions' mitochondria: is it genetically determined? A review on mitochondrial DNA and elite athletic performance. , 2011, Physiological genomics.

[60]  B. Denadai,et al.  Predição da potência aeróbia (VO2máx) de crianças e adolescentes em teste incremental na esteira rolante , 2013 .

[61]  M. Ibrahim,et al.  Hyperinsulinemia and waist circumference in childhood metabolic syndrome. , 2011, Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP.

[62]  R. Ross,et al.  Change in Submaximal Cardiorespiratory Fitness and All‐Cause Mortality , 2018, Mayo Clinic proceedings.

[63]  Jee-young Oh,et al.  Comparison of the Body Adiposity Index to Body Mass Index in Korean Women , 2014, Yonsei medical journal.

[64]  S. Rampal,et al.  Determinants of High Fasting Insulin and Insulin Resistance Among Overweight/Obese Adolescents , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[65]  A. Sarma A comparative study of selected physiological variables between active and sedentary college students , 2017 .

[66]  P. Chatterjee,et al.  A Regression Equation for the Estimation of Maximum Oxygen Uptake in Nepalese Adult Females , 2010, Asian journal of sports medicine.