Partitioning between the inorganic chlorine reservoirs HCl and ClONO 2 during the Arctic winter 2005 from the ACE-FTS

From January to March 2005, the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment high resolution Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE-FTS) on SCISAT-1 measured many of the changes occurring in the Arctic (50-80 N) lower strato- sphere under very cold winter conditions. Here we focus on the partitioning between the inorganic chlorine reservoirs HCl and ClONO2 and their activation into ClO. The simul- taneous measurement of these species by the ACE-FTS pro- vides the data needed to follow chlorine activation during the Arctic winter and the recovery of the Cl-reservoir species ClONO2 and HCl. The time evolution of HCl, ClONO2 and ClO as well as the partitioning between the two reser- voir molecules agrees well with previous observations and with our current understanding of chlorine activation during Arctic winter. The results of a chemical box model are also compared with the ACE-FTS measurements and are gener- ally consistent with the measurements.

[1]  P. Bernath,et al.  Severe Arctic ozone loss in the winter 2004/2005: observations from ACE‐FTS , 2006 .

[2]  Lance E. Christensen,et al.  Early validation analyses of atmospheric profiles from EOS MLS on the aura Satellite , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[3]  M. Santee,et al.  EOS Microwave Limb Sounder observations of “frozen‐in” anticyclonic air in Arctic summer , 2006 .

[4]  Gang Li,et al.  The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database , 2005 .

[5]  P. Bernath,et al.  Retrievals for the atmospheric chemistry experiment Fourier-transform spectrometer. , 2005, Applied optics.

[6]  H. Bremer,et al.  Denitrification in the Arctic mid‐winter 2004/2005 observed by airborne submillimeter radiometry , 2005 .

[7]  P. Bernath,et al.  ACE‐FTS measurements across the edge of the winter 2004 Arctic vortex , 2005 .

[8]  R. P. Lowe,et al.  Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE): Mission overview , 2005 .

[9]  James M. Russell,et al.  Comparison of atmospheric retrievals from ACE and HALOE , 2005 .

[10]  P. Bernath,et al.  Comparisons between ACE‐FTS and ground‐based measurements of stratospheric HCl and ClONO2 loadings at northern latitudes , 2005 .

[11]  M. Kiefer,et al.  Spaceborne ClO observations by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) before and during the Antarctic major warming in September/October 2002 , 2004 .

[12]  Bernd Funke,et al.  First spaceborne observations of Antarctic stratospheric ClONO2 recovery: Austral spring 2002 , 2004 .

[13]  M. Santee,et al.  Variations and climatology of ClO in the polar lower stratosphere from UARS Microwave Limb Sounder measurements , 2003 .

[14]  Richard Swinbank,et al.  Lower stratospheric temperature differences between meteorological analyses in two cold Arctic winters and their impact on polar processing studies , 2003 .

[15]  Martyn P. Chipperfield,et al.  Ground‐based FTIR observations of chlorine activation and ozone depletion inside the Arctic vortex during the winter of 1999/2000 , 2002 .

[16]  W. Collins,et al.  The NCEP–NCAR 50-Year Reanalysis: Monthly Means CD-ROM and Documentation , 2001 .

[17]  M. Chipperfield,et al.  Seasonal observations of chlorine monoxide in the stratosphere over Antarctica during the 1996–1998 ozone holes and comparison with the SLIMCAT three‐dimensional model , 2000 .

[18]  J. C. McConnell,et al.  Ozone climatology using interactive chemistry: Results from the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model , 2000 .

[19]  K. K. Perkins,et al.  An examination of the inorganic chlorine budget in the lower stratosphere , 2000 .

[20]  J. Russell,et al.  Maintenance of high HCl/Cl y and NO x /NO y , in the Antarctic vortex: A chemical signature of confinement during spring , 1999 .

[21]  K. K. Perkins,et al.  The coupling of ClONO2, ClO, and NO2 in the lower stratosphere from in situ observations using the NASA ER‐2 aircraft , 1999 .

[22]  R. Salawitch,et al.  Measurements of chlorine partitioning in the winter Arctic stratosphere , 1999 .

[23]  Franck Lefèvre,et al.  First direct simultaneous HCl and ClONO2 profile measurements in the Arctic Vortex , 1998 .

[24]  S. Massie,et al.  Estimation of polar stratospheric cloud volume and area densities from UARS, stratospheric aerosol measurement II and polar ozone and aerosol measurement II extinction data , 1998 .

[25]  T. Blumenstock,et al.  Column Amounts of ClONO2, HCl, HNO3, and HF from Ground-Based FTIR Measurements Made Near Kiruna, Sweden, in Late Winter 1994 , 1997 .

[26]  M. Chipperfield,et al.  Model studies of chlorine deactivation and formation of ClONO2 collar in the Arctic polar vortex , 1997 .

[27]  M. Chipperfield,et al.  Chlorine deactivation in the lower stratospheric polar regions during late winter: Results from UARS , 1996 .

[28]  James M. Russell,et al.  Analysis of UARS data in the southern polar vortex in September 1992 using a chemical transport model , 1996 .

[29]  M. Newchurch,et al.  Stratospheric chlorine partitioning: Constraints from shuttle‐borne measurements of [HCl], [ClNO3], and [ClO] , 1996 .

[30]  E. Mahieu,et al.  APRIL 1993 ARCTIC PROFILES OF STRATOSPHERIC HCL, CLONO2, AND CCL2F2 FROM ATMOSPHERIC TRACE MOLECULE SPECTROSCOPY ATLAS 2 INFRARED SOLAR OCCULTATION SPECTRA , 1995 .

[31]  R. Stolarski,et al.  Interhemispheric differences in springtime production of HCl and ClONO2 in the polar vortices , 1995 .

[32]  B. Luo,et al.  An analytic expression for the composition of aqueous HNO3‐H2SO4 stratospheric aerosols including gas phase removal of HNO3 , 1995 .

[33]  J. Russell,et al.  Correlated observations of HCl and ClONO2 from UARS and implications for stratospheric chlorine partitioning , 1995 .

[34]  David John Lary,et al.  Chlorine chemistry and the potential for ozone depletion in the Arctic stratosphere in the winter of 1991/92 , 1994 .

[35]  D. Toohey,et al.  Chlorine Chemistry on Polar Stratospheric Cloud Particles in the Arctic Winter , 1993, Science.

[36]  Konrad Mauersberger,et al.  A survey and new measurements of ice vapor pressure at temperatures between 170 and 250K , 1993 .

[37]  S. Schubert,et al.  The Goddard Earth Observing Data Assimilation System, GEOS DAS Version 4.0. 3: Documentation and Validation , 2005 .

[38]  J. McConnell,et al.  Evidence for HBr production due to minor channel branching at mid‐latitudes , 1998 .