Cyclooxygenase inhibitors: drugs for cancer prevention.

Evidence that chronic intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, especially aspirin, prevents cancer development continues to accumulate. The data are particularly convincing for colorectal cancer; however, because of well-known side effects, they cannot routinely be recommended for this purpose. An appreciation of the mechanisms that underlie their anti-cancer effects might permit the development of safer agents. Intensive investigation has led to the characterization of several potential chemopreventive mechanisms of action of these drugs. Antineoplastic actions could result from effects on overlapping processes in the different cell-types that comprise tumors, such as epithelial and stromal cells.

[1]  S. Narumiya,et al.  Cyclooxygenase 2- and prostaglandin E2 receptor EP2-dependent angiogenesis in ApcΔ716 mouse intestinal polyps , 2002 .

[2]  Gerd Geisslinger,et al.  Cyclooxygenase‐independent actions of cyclooxygenase inhibitors , 2001, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[3]  M. Tachibana,et al.  Cyclooxygenase-2 expression correlates with tumor neovascularization and prognosis in human colorectal carcinoma patients. , 2000, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.

[4]  K. Kawakami,et al.  A Selective Cyclooxygenase‐2 Inhibitor Suppresses Tumor Growth in Nude Mouse Xenografted with Human Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma Cells , 1999, Japanese journal of cancer research : Gann.

[5]  L. Coussens,et al.  Inflammation and cancer , 2002, Nature.

[6]  S. Yamashina,et al.  Cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 enhances basic fibroblast growth factor‐induced angiogenesis through induction of vascular endothelial growth factor in rat sponge implants , 2000, British journal of pharmacology.

[7]  P. Carmeliet,et al.  Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases , 2000, Nature.

[8]  T. Imperiale.  Aspirin and the prevention of colorectal cancer. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[9]  P. Okunieff,et al.  Characterization of the Effects of Antiangiogenic Agents on Tumor Pathophysiology , 2001, American journal of clinical oncology.

[10]  K. Seibert,et al.  Antiangiogenic and antitumor activities of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. , 2000, Cancer research.

[11]  A. Kato,et al.  High expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 in macrophages of human colonic adenoma , 1999, International journal of cancer.

[12]  P. Guillou,et al.  Interstitial cell cyclooxygenase‐2 expression is associated with increased angiogenesis in human sporadic colorectal adenomas , 2002, Journal of Pathology.

[13]  A. Levine,et al.  Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 suppresses angiogenesis and the growth of prostate cancer in vivo. , 2000, The Journal of urology.

[14]  J. Masferrer,et al.  Role of cyclooxygenases in angiogenesis. , 2000, Current medicinal chemistry.

[15]  L. Lipton,et al.  Multiple colorectal adenomas, classic adenomatous polyposis, and germ-line mutations in MYH. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[16]  P. Pasricha,et al.  The effects of sulindac on colorectal proliferation and apoptosis in familial adenomatous polyposis. , 1995, Gastroenterology.

[17]  Susan Halabi,et al.  A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal adenomas in patients with previous colorectal cancer. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[18]  T. Sakurai,et al.  Possible Role of Cyclooxygenase II in the Acquisition of Ovarian Luteal Function in Rodents1 , 2003, Biology of reproduction.

[19]  S. De Flora,et al.  ‘Angioprevention’: angiogenesis is a common and key target for cancer chemopreventive agents , 2002, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[20]  A. Bonazzi,et al.  Regulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 by Hypoxia and Peroxisome Proliferators in the Corneal Epithelium* , 2000, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[21]  J. Masferrer,et al.  Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition by celecoxib reduces proliferation and induces apoptosis in angiogenic endothelial cells in vivo. , 2002, Cancer research.

[22]  Joseph F. Murphy,et al.  Induction of cyclooxygenase‐1 and ‐2 modulates angiogenic responses to engagement of αvβ3 , 2003 .

[23]  B. Rigas,et al.  Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the induction of apoptosis in colon cells: Evidence for PHS-dependent and PHS-independent mechanisms , 1999, Apoptosis.

[24]  J. Spławiński,et al.  Anti-angiogenic and apoptotic effects of metabolites of sulindac on chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane. , 2003, Hybridoma and hybridomics.

[25]  Michael J Thun,et al.  Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as anticancer agents: mechanistic, pharmacologic, and clinical issues. , 2002, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[26]  A. Ghosh,et al.  Cyclooxygenase-2-mediated angiogenesis in carrageenin-induced granulation tissue in rats. , 2000, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[27]  J. Wallace,et al.  Divergent effects of new cyclooxygenase inhibitors on gastric ulcer healing: Shifting the angiogenic balance , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[28]  Tian Yang,et al.  Cyclooxygenase-2 increased the angiogenic and metastatic potential of tumor cells. , 2002, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[29]  R. Gilbert,et al.  COX-2 inhibition and retinal angiogenesis in a mouse model of retinopathy of prematurity. , 2003, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[30]  F. Cianchi,et al.  Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression correlates with tumor angiogenesis in human colorectal cancer. , 2001, Gastroenterology.

[31]  J. Manson,et al.  Aspirin Use and Colorectal Cancer: Post-Trial Follow-up Data from the Physicians' Health Study , 1998, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[32]  J. Redondo,et al.  Cyclooxygenase-2: a therapeutic target in angiogenesis. , 2003, Trends in molecular medicine.

[33]  A. Tarnawski,et al.  PGE(2) stimulates VEGF expression in endothelial cells via ERK2/JNK1 signaling pathways. , 2001, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[34]  G. Beck,et al.  A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal adenomas. , 2003, The New England journal of medicine.

[35]  R. Breyer,et al.  Prostanoid receptors: subtypes and signaling. , 2001, Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology.

[36]  M. Mareel,et al.  Trefoil peptides as proangiogenic factors in vivo and in vitro: implication of cyclooxygenase‐2 and EGF receptor signaling , 2003, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[37]  J. Reis-Filho,et al.  Cyclo-oxygenase 2 expression is associated with angiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in human breast cancer. , 2002, Journal of clinical pathology.

[38]  Yukihiko Sugimoto,et al.  Host Prostaglandin E2-EP3 Signaling Regulates Tumor-Associated Angiogenesis and Tumor Growth , 2003, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[39]  L. Mayo,et al.  Utilization of Distinct Signaling Pathways by Receptors for Vascular Endothelial Cell Growth Factor and Other Mitogens in the Induction of Endothelial Cell Proliferation* , 2000, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[40]  H. Kawanaka,et al.  Von Hippel‐Lindau tumor suppressor and HIF‐1α: new targets of NSAID inhibition of hypoxia‐induced angiogenesis , 2002, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[41]  Christopher F. Martin,et al.  Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, apoptosis, and colorectal adenomas. , 2002, Gastroenterology.

[42]  C. Rüegg,et al.  NSAIDs inhibit αVβ3 integrin-mediated and Cdc42/Rac-dependent endothelial-cell spreading, migration and angiogenesis , 2001, Nature Medicine.

[43]  B. Rigas,et al.  Selected eicosanoids increase the proliferation rate of human colon carcinoma cell lines and mouse colonocytes in vivo. , 1995, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[44]  G. Semenza,et al.  Vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression in colon cancer cells exposed to prostaglandin E2 is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. , 2003, Cancer research.

[45]  A. Harris,et al.  Drug inhibition of angiogenesis. , 2002, Current opinion in pharmacology.

[46]  Y. Sasaki,et al.  Cyclooxygenase inhibitors suppress angiogenesis and reduce tumor growth in vivo. , 1999, Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology.

[47]  S. Dey,et al.  Host cyclooxygenase-2 modulates carcinoma growth. , 2000, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[48]  C. Bonifer,et al.  Localization of cyclooxygenase-2 in human sporadic colorectal adenomas. , 2000, The American journal of pathology.

[49]  N. Kawai,et al.  Cyclooxygenases and colon cancer. , 2002, Prostaglandins & other lipid mediators.

[50]  C. Cho,et al.  Antiangiogenic effect of a highly selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor on gastric ulcer healing in rats. , 2002, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[51]  L. Messerini,et al.  Long‐term treatment with sulindac in familial adenomatous polyposis: Is there an actual efficacy in prevention of rectal cancer? , 2000, Journal of surgical oncology.

[52]  E. Chavakis,et al.  Regulation of Endothelial Cell Survival and Apoptosis During Angiogenesis , 2002, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[53]  S. Piantadosi,et al.  Treatment of colonic and rectal adenomas with sulindac in familial adenomatous polyposis. , 1993, The New England journal of medicine.

[54]  B. Craig,et al.  Effects of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, piroxicam, on tumor response, apoptosis, and angiogenesis in a canine model of human invasive urinary bladder cancer. , 2002, Cancer research.

[55]  R. Higgins,et al.  Indomethacin Improves Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy in the Mouse , 1999, Pediatric Research.

[56]  P. Lala,et al.  Cyclooxygenase inhibitors retard murine mammary tumor progression by reducing tumor cell migration, invasiveness and angiogenesis , 2001, International journal of cancer.

[57]  Xìao-chun Xu.  COX-2 inhibitors in cancer treatment and prevention, a recent development. , 2002, Anti-cancer drugs.

[58]  B. Levin,et al.  The effect of celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in familial adenomatous polyposis. , 2000, The New England journal of medicine.

[59]  S. Leung,et al.  Vascular endothelial growth factor is up‐regulated in the early pre‐malignant stage of colorectal tumour progression , 1999, International journal of cancer.

[60]  H. Konno,et al.  The role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in two different morphological stages of intestinal polyps in APCΔ474 knockout mice , 2002 .

[61]  K. Schmid,et al.  Complete reversion and prevention of rectal adenomas in colectomized patients with familial adenomatous polyposis by rectal low-dose sulindac maintenance treatment , 1995, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[62]  J. Morrow,et al.  Thromboxane A2 is a mediator of cyclooxygenase-2-dependent endothelial migration and angiogenesis. , 1999, Cancer research.

[63]  B. Rigas,et al.  Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on proliferation and on induction of apoptosis in colon cancer cells by a prostaglandin-independent pathway. , 1996, Biochemical pharmacology.

[64]  S. Shapshay,et al.  Antiangiogenic and Chemopreventive Activities of Celecoxib in Oral Carcinoma Cell , 2002, The Laryngoscope.

[65]  S. Piantadosi,et al.  Primary chemoprevention of familial adenomatous polyposis with sulindac , 2002 .

[66]  M. Runge,et al.  Hypoxia Induces Cyclooxygenase-2 via the NF-κB p65 Transcription Factor in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells* , 1997, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[67]  M. Maemondo,et al.  Gene transfer of thromboxane A(2) synthase and prostaglandin I(2) synthase antithetically altered tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth. , 2002, Cancer research.

[68]  J. Manson,et al.  Low-dose aspirin and incidence of colorectal tumors in a randomized trial. , 1993, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[69]  A. Levine,et al.  Prostaglandin E2 Induces Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α Stabilization and Nuclear Localization in a Human Prostate Cancer Cell Line* , 2002, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[70]  Joseph F. Murphy,et al.  Vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) induces cyclooxygenase (COX)‐dependent proliferation of endothelial cells (EC) via the VEGF‐2 receptor , 2001, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[71]  R. DuBois,et al.  Cyclooxygenase Regulates Angiogenesis Induced by Colon Cancer Cells , 1998, Cell.

[72]  T. Ichikura,et al.  Cyclooxygenase-2 expression is related to prostaglandin biosynthesis and angiogenesis in human gastric cancer. , 2000, Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research.