Role of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) emitted by urban trees on ozone concentration in cities: a review.

Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) play a critical role in biosphere-atmosphere interactions and are key factors of the physical and chemical properties of the atmosphere and climate. However, few studies have been carried out at urban level to investigate the interactions between BVOC emissions and ozone (O3) concentration. The contribution of urban vegetation to the load of BVOCs in the air and the interactions between biogenic emissions and urban pollution, including the likely formation of O3, needs to be investigated, but also the effects of O3 on the biochemical reactions and physiological conditions leading to BVOC emissions are largely unknown. The effect of BVOC emission on the O3 uptake by the trees is further complicating the interactions BVOC-O3, thus making challenging the estimation of the calculation of BVOC effect on O3 concentration at urban level.

[1]  Gail Taylor,et al.  Deposition velocities to Sorbus aria, Acer campestre, Populus deltoides X trichocarpa 'Beaupré', Pinus nigra and X Cupressocyparis leylandii for coarse, fine and ultra-fine particles in the urban environment. , 2005, Environmental pollution.

[2]  A. Winer,et al.  Estimating the ozone-forming potential of urban trees and shrubs , 1998 .

[3]  Harihara M. Mehendale,et al.  Volatile Organic Compounds , 2014 .

[4]  F. Loreto,et al.  One species, many terpenes: matching chemical and biological diversity. , 2009, Trends in plant science.

[5]  Joe R. McBride,et al.  The urban forest in Beijing and its role in air pollution reduction , 2005 .

[6]  Gabriele Curci,et al.  Intra- and inter-annual variability of VOC emissions from natural and semi-natural vegetation in Europe and neighbouring countries. , 2009 .

[7]  F. Loreto,et al.  Volatile organic compounds from Italian vegetation and their interaction with ozone. , 2009, Environmental pollution.

[8]  N. Nikolov,et al.  Quantifying simultaneous fluxes of ozone, carbon dioxide and water vapor above a subalpine forest ecosystem. , 2000, Environmental pollution.

[9]  R. Valentini,et al.  A hypothesis on the evolution of isoprenoid emission by oaks based on the correlation between emission type and Quercus taxonomy , 1998, Oecologia.

[10]  F. Loreto,et al.  Impact of high ozone on isoprene emission, photosynthesis and histology of developing Populus alba leaves directly or indirectly exposed to the pollutant , 2006 .

[11]  Zong‐Liang Yang,et al.  Development of species-based, regional emission capacities for simulation of biogenic volatile organic compound emissions in land-surface models: An example from Texas, USA , 2006 .

[12]  C. Peng,et al.  An inventory of biogenic volatile organic compounds for a subtropical urban–rural complex , 2012 .

[13]  L. Emmons,et al.  The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1 (MEGAN2.1): an extended and updated framework for modeling biogenic emissions , 2012 .

[14]  J. Gershenzon,et al.  Multiple stress factors and the emission of plant VOCs. , 2010, Trends in plant science.

[15]  A. Goldstein,et al.  Ozone deposition to an orange orchard: Partitioning between stomatal and non-stomatal sinks. , 2012, Environmental pollution.

[16]  David J. Nowak,et al.  A modeling study of the impact of urban trees on ozone. , 2000 .

[17]  F. Loreto,et al.  Stomatal uptake and stomatal deposition of ozone in isoprene and monoterpene emitting plants. , 2008, Plant biology.

[18]  R. Atkinson,et al.  Rate constants for the gas‐phase reactions of O3 with a series of Terpenes and OH radical formation from the O3 reactions with Sesquiterpenes at 296 ± 2 K , 1994 .

[19]  J. Terradas,et al.  Ecological services of urban forest in Barcelona , 2009 .

[20]  F. Loreto,et al.  Isoprene emission is not temperature-dependent during and after severe drought-stress: a physiological and biochemical analysis. , 2008, The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology.

[21]  G. Mugnozza,et al.  The ACCENT-VOCBAS field campaign on biosphere-atmosphere interactions in a Mediterranean ecosystem , 2009 .

[22]  Robert Costanza,et al.  Urban ecosystem services: tree diversity and stability of tropospheric ozone removal. , 2012, Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America.

[23]  T. Sharkey,et al.  Development of the capacity for isoprene emission in kudzu , 2005 .

[24]  P. Palmer,et al.  Estimates of global terrestrial isoprene emissions using MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature) , 2006 .

[25]  A. Arneth,et al.  Within‐plant isoprene oxidation confirmed by direct emissions of oxidation products methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein , 2012 .

[26]  Claudia E Vickers,et al.  A unified mechanism of action for volatile isoprenoids in plant abiotic stress. , 2009, Nature chemical biology.

[27]  C. N. Hewitt,et al.  BIOGENIC VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND (VOC) EMISSION ESTIMATES FROM AN URBAN TREE CANOPY , 2003 .

[28]  F. Loreto,et al.  Is Ozone Flux Inside Leaves Only a Damage Indicator? Clues from Volatile Isoprenoid Studies1 , 2007, Plant Physiology.

[29]  Dennis Y.C. Leung,et al.  Improved land cover and emission factors for modeling biogenic volatile organic compounds emissions from Hong Kong , 2010 .

[30]  S. Lau,et al.  Daytime urban heat island effect in high-rise and high-density residential developments in Hong Kong , 2004 .

[31]  D. Imre,et al.  Ozone production rate and hydrocarbon reactivity in 5 urban areas: A cause of high ozone concentration in Houston , 2002 .

[32]  P. Hari,et al.  Foliage surface ozone deposition: a role for surface moisture? , 2006 .

[33]  R. Friedrich,et al.  Compilation of a database on the composition of anthropogenic VOC emissions for atmospheric modeling in Europe , 2007 .

[34]  N. Grulke,et al.  Stomata open at night in pole-sized and mature ponderosa pine: implications for O3 exposure metrics. , 2004, Tree physiology.

[35]  A. Unal,et al.  The impact of anthropogenic and biogenic emissions on surface ozone concentrations in Istanbul. , 2011, The Science of the total environment.

[36]  E. Möbius,et al.  Charge states of energetic (≈0.5 MeV/n) ions in corotating interaction regions at 1 AU and implications on source populations , 2002 .

[37]  E. Paoletti.  Ozone and urban forests in Italy. , 2009, Environmental pollution.

[38]  J. Brechler,et al.  Emissions of biogenic VOC from forest ecosystems in central Europe: estimation and comparison with anthropogenic emission inventory. , 2010, Environmental pollution.

[39]  A. Goldstein,et al.  Gas‐phase chemistry dominates O3 loss to a forest, implying a source of aerosols and hydroxyl radicals to the atmosphere , 2003 .

[40]  J. Simpson,et al.  The tree BVOC index. , 2011, Environmental pollution.

[41]  James N. Pitts,et al.  Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere: Theory, Experiments, and Applications , 1999 .

[42]  A. Goldstein,et al.  Seasonal cycles of biogenic volatile organic compound fluxes and concentrations in a California citrus orchard , 2012 .

[43]  J. C. Stevens,et al.  A Ground-Based Method of Assessing Urban Forest Structure and Ecosystem Services , 2008 .

[44]  H. Takebayashi,et al.  Study on the urban heat island mitigation effect achieved by converting to grass-covered parking , 2009 .

[45]  W. Carter.  Development of Ozone Reactivity Scales for Volatile Organic Compounds , 1994 .

[46]  F. Loreto,et al.  Ozone quenching properties of isoprene and its antioxidant role in leaves. , 2001, Plant physiology.

[47]  C. N. Hewitt,et al.  Development and application of an urban tree air quality score for photochemical pollution episodes using the Birmingham, United Kingdom, area as a case study. , 2005, Environmental science & technology.

[48]  W. Chameides,et al.  The role of biogenic hydrocarbons in urban photochemical smog: Atlanta as a case study. , 1988, Science.

[49]  C. N. Hewitt,et al.  Concentrations and fluxes of biogenic volatile organic compounds above a Mediterranean macchia ecosystem in western Italy , 2009 .

[50]  G. Gerosa,et al.  Ozone uptake by an evergreen Mediterranean Forest (Quercus ilex) in Italy. Part I: Micrometeorological flux measurements and flux partitioning , 2005 .

[51]  J. Peñuelas,et al.  Gardening and urban landscaping: significant players in global change. , 2008, Trends in plant science.

[52]  Zhiwei Han,et al.  Impacts of biogenic emissions of VOC and NOx on tropospheric ozone during summertime in eastern China. , 2008, The Science of the total environment.

[53]  C. N. Hewitt,et al.  Emissions of volatile organic compounds from vegetation and the implications for atmospheric chemistry , 1992 .

[54]  J. Peñuelas,et al.  Monoterpene emissions from ornamental trees in urban areas: a case study of Barcelona, Spain. , 2008, Plant biology.

[55]  J. Peñuelas,et al.  Daily, weekly and seasonal relationships among VOCs, NOxx and O3 in a semi-urban area near Barcelona , 2006 .

[56]  C. Geron,et al.  A review and synthesis of monoterpene speciation from forests in the United States. , 2000 .

[57]  J. Dutoit.  The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) , 2007 .

[58]  F. Loreto,et al.  13C Labeling Reveals Chloroplastic and Extrachloroplastic Pools of Dimethylallyl Pyrophosphate and Their Contribution to Isoprene Formation1 , 2004, Plant Physiology.

[59]  Allison L. Steiner,et al.  Influence of future climate and emissions on regional air quality in California , 2006 .

[60]  R. Atkinson.  Gas-Phase Tropospheric Chemistry of Volatile Organic Compounds. Part 1. Alkanes and Alkenes , 1997 .

[61]  P Thunis,et al.  Impact of biogenic emissions on ozone formation in the Mediterranean area – a BEMA modelling study , 2000 .

[62]  Jaakko Kukkonen,et al.  A review of operational, regional-scale, chemical weather forecasting models in Europe , 2012 .

[63]  Arthur M. Winer,et al.  Low-emitting urban forests: A taxonomic methodology for assigning isoprene and monoterpene emission rates , 1996 .

[64]  J. Diem.  Comparisons of weekday–weekend ozone: importance of biogenic volatile organic compound emissions in the semi-arid southwest USA , 2000 .

[65]  P. Mullineaux,et al.  Isoprene synthesis protects transgenic tobacco plants from oxidative stress. , 2009, Plant, cell & environment.

[66]  J. D. de Gouw,et al.  Disjunct eddy covariance technique for trace gas flux measurements , 2001 .

[67]  J. Fuentes,et al.  ON THE SEASONALITY OF ISOPRENE EMISSIONS FROM A MIXED TEMPERATE FOREST , 1999 .

[68]  A. Goldstein,et al.  Seasonal variability of monoterpene emission factors for a ponderosa pine plantation in California , 2005 .

[69]  Gabriele Curci,et al.  Modelling study of the impact of isoprene and terpene biogenic emissions on European ozone levels , 2009 .

[70]  Zhang Shuyu,et al.  A biogenic volatile organic compounds emission inventory for Beijing , 2003 .

[71]  F. Loreto,et al.  Isoprene produced by leaves protects the photosynthetic apparatus against ozone damage, quenches ozone products, and reduces lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes. , 2001, Plant physiology.

[72]  M. Lerdau.  A Positive Feedback with Negative Consequences , 2007, Science.

[73]  J. Nichol,et al.  Estimation of ambient BVOC emissions using remote sensing techniques , 2011 .

[74]  C. Geron,et al.  Volatile organic compounds from vegetation in southern Yunnan Province, China : Emission rates and some potential regional implications , 2006 .

[75]  N. Richet,et al.  Phosphoenolpyruvate is at the crossroads of leaf metabolic responses to ozone stress. , 2012, The New phytologist.

[76]  B. Lamb,et al.  Stomatal and non-stomatal fluxes of ozone to a northern mixed hardwood forest , 2007 .

[77]  M. Gallagher,et al.  Canopy scale measurements of stomatal and cuticular 03 uptake by sitka spruce , 1995 .

[78]  Feng Chen,et al.  A biogenic volatile organic compound emission inventory for Hong Kong , 2009 .

[79]  W. Stockwell,et al.  Biogenic and anthropogenic fluxes of non-methane hydrocarbons over an urban-imapcted forest, Frankfurter Stadtwald, Germany , 2000 .

[80]  A. Cecinato,et al.  Evaluation of monoterpenic biogenic volatile organic compounds in ambient air around Eucalyptus globulus, Pinus halepensis and Cedrus atlantica trees growing in Algiers city area by chiral and achiral capillary gas chromatography , 2000 .

[81]  T. Sharkey,et al.  Isoprene emission from plants: why and how. , 2007, Annals of botany.

[82]  O. Kull,et al.  Ozone concentration in leaf intercellular air spaces is close to zero. , 1989, Plant physiology.

[83]  J. Lelieveld,et al.  Model study of the influence of cross-tropopause O3 transports on tropospheric O3 levels , 1997 .

[84]  S. Long,et al.  Quantifying the impact of current and future tropospheric ozone on tree biomass, growth, physiology and biochemistry: a quantitative meta‐analysis , 2009 .

[85]  Patrick R. Zimmerman,et al.  Natural volatile organic compound emission rate estimates for U.S. woodland landscapes , 1994 .

[86]  J. Arey,et al.  Hydrocarbon emissions from twelve urban shade trees of the Los Angeles, California, Air Basin , 1992 .

[87]  T. Sharkey,et al.  A gas-exchange study of photosynthesis and isoprene emission inQuercus rubra L. , 1990, Planta.

[88]  A. Guenther,et al.  The impacts of reactive terpene emissions from plants on air quality in Las Vegas, Nevada , 2009 .

[89]  Roger Atkinson,et al.  Gas-Phase Tropospheric Chemistry of Volatile Organic Compounds: 1. Alkanes and Alkenes , 1997 .

[90]  Josep Peñuelas,et al.  Seasonality of monoterpene emission potentials in Quercus ilex and Pinus pinea: Implications for regional VOC emissions modeling , 2009 .

[91]  M. Aubinet,et al.  Isoprene and monoterpene emissions from a mixed temperate forest , 2011 .

[92]  Gail Taylor,et al.  Particulate pollution capture by urban trees: effect of species and windspeed , 2000 .

[93]  F. Loreto,et al.  Abiotic stresses and induced BVOCs. , 2010, Trends in plant science.

[94]  H. Moldau,et al.  Plasmalemma protection by the apoplast as assessed from above-zero ozone concentrations in leaf intercellular air spaces , 2001, Planta.

[95]  L. Kleerekoper,et al.  How to make a city climate-proof, addressing the urban heat island effect , 2012 .

[96]  F. Loreto,et al.  Leaf volatile isoprenoids: an important defensive armament in forest tree species , 2012 .

[97]  T. Rixen,et al.  Diatoms and their influence on the biologically mediated uptake of atmospheric CO 2 in the Arabian Sea upwelling system , 2005 .

[98]  R. Tognetti,et al.  Seasonal variations in monoterpene profiles and ecophysiological traits in Mediterranean pine species of group “halepensis” , 2004 .

[99]  C. Calfapietra,et al.  Modification of BVOC Emissions by Changes in Atmospheric [CO2] and Air Pollution , 2013 .

[100]  M. Sanz,et al.  Promoting the O3 flux concept for European forest trees. , 2007, Environmental pollution.

[101]  A. Goldstein,et al.  Ozone fluxes in a Pinus ponderosa ecosystem are dominated by non-stomatal processes: Evidence from long-term continuous measurements , 2010 .

[102]  M. Leiva G.,et al.  Ozone weekend effect in Santiago, Chile. , 2012, Environmental pollution.

[103]  M. Ashmore.  Assessing the future global impacts of ozone on vegetation , 2005 .

[104]  B. Lamb,et al.  Biogenic Hydrocarbons in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer: A Review , 2000 .

[105]  B. Muys,et al.  Improved sapflow methodology reveals considerable night-time ozone uptake by Mediterranean species , 2009 .

[106]  Yi-Pin Lin,et al.  Estimating Taiwan biogenic VOC emission: Leaf energy balance consideration , 2009 .

[107]  C. N. Hewitt,et al.  A global model of natural volatile organic compound emissions , 1995 .

[108]  F. Escobedo,et al.  The role of a peri-urban forest on air quality improvement in the Mexico City megalopolis. , 2012, Environmental pollution.

[109]  J. Skelly,et al.  Light environment alters ozone uptake per net photosynthetic rate in black cherry trees. , 1996, Tree physiology.

[110]  A. Goldstein,et al.  Ozone uptake by citrus trees exposed to a range of ozone concentrations , 2010 .