Smart Contract-Based Blockchain-Envisioned Authentication Scheme for Smart Farming

A blockchain-based smart farming technology provides the agricultural data to the farmers and other users associated with smart farming on a single integrated platform. Moreover, persistence and auditability of stored data in blocks into the blockchain provide the confidence of using the correct data when needed later and adds transparency, anonymity, and traceability at the same time. To fulfill such a goal, in this article, we design a new smart contract-based blockchain-envisioned authenticated key agreement mechanism in a smart farming environment. The device-to-device (D2D) authentication phase and device-to-gateway (D2G) authentication phase support mutual authentication and key agreement between two Internet-of-Things (IoT)-enabled devices and between an IoT device and the gateway node (GWN) in the network, respectively. The blocks are created by the edge servers on the authenticated data of IoT devices received from the GWNs and then sent to the cloud server (CS). The smart contract-based consensus mechanism allows verification and addition of the formed blocks by a peer-to-peer (P2P) CSs network. The security of the proposed scheme is done through formal and informal security analysis, and also using the formal security verification tool. A detailed comparative study reveals that the proposed scheme offers superior security and more functionality features as compared to existing competing authentication protocols. Finally, the blockchain-based simulation has been conducted to measure computational time for a varied number of mined blocks and also a varied number of transactions per block.

[1]  Willy Susilo,et al.  Secure Remote User Authenticated Key Establishment Protocol for Smart Home Environment , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing.

[2]  Neeraj Kumar,et al.  Blockchain-Enabled Certificate-Based Authentication for Vehicle Accident Detection and Notification in Intelligent Transportation Systems , 2021, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[3]  Pascal Lorenz,et al.  Blockchain-Envisioned Secure Data Delivery and Collection Scheme for 5G-Based IoT-Enabled Internet of Drones Environment , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[4]  Alfred Menezes,et al.  The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) , 2001, International Journal of Information Security.

[5]  SK Hafizul Islam,et al.  Provably secure identity-based two-party authenticated key agreement protocol based on CBi-ISIS and Bi-ISIS problems on lattices , 2020, J. Inf. Secur. Appl..

[6]  Xiong Li,et al.  Provably secure user authentication and key agreement scheme for wireless sensor networks , 2016, Secur. Commun. Networks.

[7]  Miguel Castro,et al.  Practical byzantine fault tolerance and proactive recovery , 2002, TOCS.

[8]  Elisa Bertino,et al.  An Efficient Time-Bound Hierarchical Key Management Scheme for Secure Broadcasting , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing.

[9]  Ashok Kumar Das,et al.  Lightweight and Physically Secure Anonymous Mutual Authentication Protocol for Real-Time Data Access in Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[10]  Alexandru Popa,et al.  Analyzing of LAM-CIoT: Lightweight Authentication Mechanism in Cloud-based IoT Environment , 2020, 2020 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI).

[11]  Athanasios V. Vasilakos,et al.  Design of secure key management and user authentication scheme for fog computing services , 2019, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[12]  Athanasios V. Vasilakos,et al.  On the Design of Provably Secure Lightweight Remote User Authentication Scheme for Mobile Cloud Computing Services , 2017, IEEE Access.

[13]  O. Kazar,et al.  Smart Sustainable Farming Management Using Integrated Approach of IoT, Blockchain & Geospatial Technologies , 2019 .

[14]  Yu Zhong,et al.  Rising concerns over agricultural production as COVID-19 spreads: Lessons from China , 2020, Global Food Security.

[15]  B. D. Deebak,et al.  Seamless Authentication: For IoT-Big Data Technologies in Smart Industrial Application Systems , 2021, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[16]  Ashok Kumar Das,et al.  Designing secure blockchain-based access control scheme in IoT-enabled Internet of Drones deployment , 2020, Comput. Commun..

[17]  Neeraj Kumar,et al.  A Provably Secure and Lightweight Identity-Based Two-Party Authenticated Key Agreement Protocol for IIoT Environments , 2021, IEEE Systems Journal.

[18]  Sayantani Ghosh,et al.  Desert Locust in India: The 2020 invasion and associated risks , 2020 .

[19]  Mauro Conti,et al.  A secure user authentication and key-agreement scheme using wireless sensor networks for agriculture monitoring , 2017, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[20]  Zhi-Yuan Su,et al.  An Authentication Information Exchange Scheme in WSN for IoT Applications , 2020, IEEE Access.

[21]  R. Ancog,et al.  Assessing the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Agricultural Production in Southeast Asia: Toward Transformative Change in Agricultural Food Systems , 2020 .

[22]  Mengxia Shuai,et al.  A secure authentication scheme with forward secrecy for industrial internet of things using Rabin cryptosystem , 2020, Comput. Commun..

[23]  Thar Baker,et al.  A decentralized lightweight blockchain-based authentication mechanism for IoT systems , 2020, Cluster Computing.

[24]  R. Nair,et al.  Food system disruption: initial livelihood and dietary effects of COVID-19 on vegetable producers in India , 2020, Food Security.

[25]  Elaine B. Barker,et al.  Recommendation for key management: , 2019 .

[26]  Christopher Brewster,et al.  IoT in Agriculture: Designing a Europe-Wide Large-Scale Pilot , 2017, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[27]  SK Hafizul Islam,et al.  Provably secure two-party authenticated key agreement protocol for post-quantum environments , 2020, J. Inf. Secur. Appl..

[28]  Charis M. Galanakis.  The Food Systems in the Era of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Crisis , 2020, Foods.

[29]  Alfred Menezes,et al.  The State of Elliptic Curve Cryptography , 2000, Des. Codes Cryptogr..

[30]  Kamran Abid,et al.  A Survey on the Role of IoT in Agriculture for the Implementation of Smart Farming , 2019, IEEE Access.

[31]  Mohammad S. Obaidat,et al.  LAAC: Lightweight Lattice-Based Authentication and Access Control Protocol for E-Health Systems in IoT Environments , 2020 .

[32]  Danny Dolev,et al.  On the security of public key protocols , 1981, 22nd Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (sfcs 1981).

[33]  Ashok Kumar Das,et al.  An Enhanced Access Control Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2014, Ad Hoc Sens. Wirel. Networks.

[34]  A. Roychoudhury.  ‘Desert Locust’: A Menace to Indian Agriculture and Economy , 2020 .

[35]  Ashok Kumar Das,et al.  Certificateless-Signcryption-Based Three-Factor User Access Control Scheme for IoT Environment , 2020, IEEE Internet of Things Journal.

[36]  Linesh Raja,et al.  The Study of Technological Development in the Field of Smart Farming , 2019, Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies.

[37]  Madini O. Alassafi,et al.  Blockchain with Internet of Things: Benefits, Challenges, and Future Directions , 2018, International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications.

[38]  David Pointcheval,et al.  Password-Based Authenticated Key Exchange in the Three-Party Setting , 2005, Public Key Cryptography.

[39]  G. P. Biswas,et al.  A lightweight remote user authentication scheme for IoT communication using elliptic curve cryptography , 2020, The Journal of Supercomputing.

[40]  Willy Susilo,et al.  Secure Message Communication Protocol Among Vehicles in Smart City , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[41]  Dharm Singh Jat,et al.  Internet of Things for Automation in Smart Agriculture , 2019, Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies.

[42]  S. Umamaheswari.  Internet of Things Practices for Smart Agriculture , 2019 .

[43]  Chun-Wei Tsai,et al.  An intelligent agriculture network security system based on private blockchains , 2019, Journal of Communications and Networks.

[44]  Siva Sai Yerubandi,et al.  Differential Power Analysis , 2002 .

[45]  G. Santini,et al.  Local food systems and COVID-19: an insight from China , 2020, Resources, Conservation and Recycling.

[46]  Hugo Krawczyk,et al.  Universally Composable Notions of Key Exchange and Secure Channels , 2002, EUROCRYPT.