Security Assessment of Microfluidic Immunoassays

Microfluidic biochips enable an automated, rapid, sample-sparing bioassay implementation. This technology is poised to drive the diagnosis market that uses immunoassay-based biomarkers. However, we envision serious security concerns when biochips replace traditional benchtop assays. In this paper, we assess the security of microfluidic immunoassays that use either digital or continuous-flow-based microfluidic biochips. We illustrate and organize attacks on practical immunoassay biochips.

[1]  Mitsutoshi Nakajima,et al.  Recent lab‐on‐chip developments for novel drug discovery , 2017, Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Systems biology and medicine.

[2]  Ralph Langner,et al.  Stuxnet: Dissecting a Cyberwarfare Weapon , 2011, IEEE Security & Privacy.

[3]  Ramesh Karri,et al.  Shadow Attacks on MEDA Biochips , 2018, 2018 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD).

[4]  Aaron R Wheeler,et al.  Immunoassays in microfluidic systems , 2010, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[5]  Shobha Purushothama,et al.  Evaluation of highly sensitive immunoassay technologies for quantitative measurements of sub-pg/mL levels of cytokines in human serum. , 2016, Journal of immunological methods.

[6]  Mohamed Ibrahim,et al.  Supply-Chain Security of Digital Microfluidic Biochips , 2016, Computer.

[7]  Lyle E. Yarnell,et al.  Automated digital microfluidic platform for magnetic-particle-based immunoassays with optimization by design of experiments. , 2013, Analytical chemistry.

[8]  Mohamed Ibrahim,et al.  Secure Randomized Checkpointing for Digital Microfluidic Biochips , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems.

[9]  Dong Sun,et al.  A fluorescent microbead-based microfluidic immunoassay chip for immune cell cytokine secretion quantification. , 2018, Lab on a chip.

[10]  Krishnendu Chakrabarty,et al.  Error Recovery in Cyberphysical Digital Microfluidic Biochips , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems.

[11]  Farinaz Koushanfar,et al.  BioChipWork: Reverse Engineering of Microfluidic Biochips , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD).

[12]  Ramesh Karri,et al.  Desieve the Attacker: Thwarting IP Theft in Sieve-Valve-based Biochips , 2019, 2019 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE).

[13]  BioLegend Sandwich ELISA Protocol , 2016 .

[14]  Jr-Lung Lin,et al.  Integrated polymerase chain reaction chips utilizing digital microfluidics , 2006, Biomedical microdevices.

[15]  Mohamed Ibrahim,et al.  Microfluidic encryption of on-chip biochemical assays , 2016, 2016 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS).

[16]  Jeffrey K. Actor Elsevier's Integrated Review Immunology and Microbiology , 2011 .

[17]  Robert P. Luoma,et al.  Digital microfluidic magnetic separation for particle-based immunoassays. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[18]  Krishnendu Chakrabarty,et al.  Security Assessment of Micro-Electrode-Dot-Array Biochips , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems.

[19]  Travis W. Murphy,et al.  Microfluidics for genome-wide studies involving next generation sequencing , 2017, Biomicrofluidics.

[20]  Ramesh Karri,et al.  Security Assessment of Microfluidic Fully-Programmable-Valve-Array Biochips , 2019, 2019 32nd International Conference on VLSI Design and 2019 18th International Conference on Embedded Systems (VLSID).

[21]  Mohamed Ibrahim,et al.  Security Implications of Cyberphysical Flow-Based Microfluidic Biochips , 2017, 2017 IEEE 26th Asian Test Symposium (ATS).

[22]  Ulf Schlichtmann,et al.  Testing microfluidic Fully Programmable Valve Arrays (FPVAs) , 2017, Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE), 2017.

[23]  J. Lammertyn,et al.  A versatile electrowetting-based digital microfluidic platform for quantitative homogeneous and heterogeneous bio-assays , 2011 .

[24]  Mohamed Ibrahim,et al.  Locking of biochemical assays for digital microfluidic biochips , 2018, 2018 IEEE 23rd European Test Symposium (ETS).

[25]  Mohamed Ibrahim,et al.  Tamper-Resistant Pin-Constrained Digital Microfluidic Biochips , 2018, 2018 55th ACM/ESDA/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC).