Mode Selection and Mode Switching in Foraging Animals

Publisher Summary The objectives of this chapter are to (1) consider evidence suggesting that animals from a variety of taxa choose among alternative modes while foraging, dependent on proximate characteristics of prey or other ecological conditions— that is, (“mode switching”), (2) consider generalities in the behavior of apparent mode switchers, (3) discuss the application of a cost-benefit approach to understanding the ultimate causes of mode switching, in terms of both optimal foraging theory (OFT) and other decision-based approaches, and (4) suggest shortcomings in existing theory and ways in which future research might explore the validity and extent of the phenomenon.

[1]  N. Ringler.  Variation in foraging tactics of fishes , 1983 .

[2]  Graham H. Pyke,et al.  Optimal Foraging: A Selective Review of Theory and Tests , 1977, The Quarterly Review of Biology.

[3]  K. Liem.  Acquisition of Energy by Teleosts: Adaptive Mechanisms and Evolutionary Patterns , 1980 .

[4]  Donald J. Hall,et al.  Ontogenetic Habitat Shifts in Bluegill: The Foraging Rate‐Predation Risk Trade‐off , 1988 .

[5]  E. Marschall,et al.  USING TIME AND ENERGETIC MEASURES OF COST IN ESTIMATING PREY VALUE FOR FISH PREDATORS , 1984 .

[6]  M. Milinski,et al.  Influence of a predator on the optimal foraging behaviour of sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) , 1978, Nature.

[7]  M. Milinski,et al.  Games fish play: Making decisions as a social forager. , 1988, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[8]  E. Brodie,et al.  The Effect of Prey Density on Ambush-site Changes in an Extreme Ambush-type Predator , 1982 .

[9]  T. Schoener.  A Brief History of Optimal Foraging Ecology , 1987 .

[10]  J. E. Lloyd,et al.  Aggressive Mimicry in Photuris Fireflies: Signal Repertoires by Femmes Fatales , 1975, Science.

[11]  H. Mittelstaedt.  Prey capture in Mantids , 1957 .

[12]  P. A. Heads.  The effect of invertebrate and vertebrate predators on the foraging movements of Ischnura elegans larvae (Odonata: Zygoptera) , 1985 .

[13]  R. Sibly,et al.  Producers and scroungers: A general model and its application to captive flocks of house sparrows , 1981, Animal Behaviour.

[14]  J. R. Lucas.  Partial prey consumption by antlion larvae , 1985, Animal Behaviour.

[15]  W. Murdoch,et al.  Predation and Population Stability , 1975 .

[16]  R. Andrews.  The Lizard Corytophanes cristatus: An Extreme "Sit-and-Wait" Predator , 1979 .

[17]  D. H. Taylor,et al.  Predatory Behavior and Competition Among Laboratory-Housed Largemouth and Smallmouth Bass , 1987 .

[18]  S. G. Rudolph.  Foraging Strategies of American Kestrels During Breeding , 1982 .

[19]  J. Terborgh,et al.  Oddity and the ‘confusion effect’ in predation , 1986, Animal Behaviour.

[20]  M. Muller,et al.  A MODEL OF SUCTION FEEDING IN TELEOSTEAN FISHES WITH SOME IMPLICATIONS FOR VENTILATION , 1980 .

[21]  N. Metcalfe,et al.  Behavioral Ecology: Theory into Practice , 1987 .

[22]  T. Caraco,et al.  An empirical demonstration of risk-sensitive foraging preferences , 1980, Animal Behaviour.

[23]  J. Janssen,et al.  Feeding modes and prey size selection in the alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus). , 1976 .

[24]  M. Wake,et al.  Morphology and function of the feeding apparatus in Dermophis mexicanus (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) , 1983 .

[25]  C. L. Gass,et al.  SHOULD FORAGERS REMEMBER WHERE THEY'VE BEEN? EXPLORATIONS OF A SIMULATION MODEL BASED ON THE BEHAVIOR AND ENERGETICS OF TERRITORIAL HUMMINGBIRDS , 1987 .

[26]  C. S. Holling.  Some Characteristics of Simple Types of Predation and Parasitism , 1959, The Canadian Entomologist.

[27]  S. L. Lima,et al.  Downy Woodpecker Foraging Behavior: Efficient Sampling in Simple Stochastic Environments , 1984 .

[28]  J M Smith,et al.  Evolution and the theory of games , 1976 .

[29]  William W. Murdoch,et al.  Switching in Predatory Fish , 1975 .

[30]  Variable foraging and cleaning behavior by juvenile leatherjackets, Oligoplites saurus (Carangidae) , 1983 .

[31]  J. Janssen.  Feeding-behavior repertoire of the alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus, and the ciscoes Coregonus hoyi and C. artedii. , 1978 .

[32]  R. Seed.  Predator-prey relationships between the mud crab Panopeus herbstii, the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus and the Atlantic ribbed mussel Geukensia (=Modiolus) demissa , 1980 .

[33]  C. W. Radcliffe,et al.  Observations on Pedal Luring and Pedal Movements in Leptodactylid Frogs , 1986 .

[34]  Alan C. Kamil,et al.  Foraging behavior: ecological, ethological, and psychological approaches , 1980 .

[35]  O. Rasa.  Prey capture, feeding techniques, and their ontogeny in the African dwarf mongoose, Helogale undulata rufula. , 2010, Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie.

[36]  I. Ezzi,et al.  Effect of particle concentration on filter- and particulate-feeding in the herring Clupea harengus , 1985 .

[37]  G. A. Clark,et al.  Perspectives in Ornithology , 1984 .

[38]  J. Estes,et al.  Foraging Strategies of Glaucous‐Winged Gulls in a Rocky Intertidal Community , 1986 .

[39]  P. Wainwright.  MORPHOLOGY AND ECOLOGY: FUNCTIONAL BASIS OF FEEDING CONSTRAINTS IN CARIBBEAN LABRID FISHES' , 1988 .

[40]  R. Norberg.  An Ecological Theory on Foraging Time and Energetics and Choice of Optimal Food-Searching Method , 1977 .

[41]  D. Noakes,et al.  Predators and Prey in Fishes , 1983 .

[42]  Prof. Dr. Eberhard Curio.  The Ethology of Predation , 1976, Zoophysiology and Ecology.

[43]  Lawrence M. Dill,et al.  The Economics of Fleeing from Predators , 1986 .

[44]  Dan M. JOHNSONt,et al.  SWITCHING AND SIGMOID FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE CURVES BY DAMSELFLY NAIADS WITH ALTERNATIVE PREY AVAILABLE , 1979 .

[45]  V. Gelder,et al.  The Serengeti Lion , 1973 .

[46]  C. Barnard.  Producers and Scroungers: Strategies of Exploitation and Parasitism , 1984 .

[47]  P. J. B. Slater,et al.  Experimental behavioral ecology and sociobiology Edited by Bert Hölldobler & Martin Lindauer. Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer (1985). Pp. xiv+488. Price DM 148.00 , 1986, Animal Behaviour.

[48]  G. Pyke.  Optimal foraging in hummingbirds: Rule of movement between inflorescences , 1981, Animal Behaviour.

[49]  J. F. Gilliam,et al.  Habitat Selection Under Predation Hazard: Test of a Model with Foraging Minnows. , 1987, Ecology.

[50]  J. Krebs,et al.  INDIVIDUAL DECISIONS AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF PREDATORS IN A PATCHY ENVIRONMENT , 1988 .

[51]  J. T. Erichsen,et al.  Optimal prey selection in the great tit (Parus major) , 1977, Animal Behaviour.

[52]  C. P. O'connell.  The Interrelation of Biting and Filtering in the Feeding Activity of the Northern Anchovy (Engraulis mordax) , 1972 .

[53]  D. Wilson,et al.  Complex foraging polymorphism in bluegill sunfish. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[54]  M. H. Robinson.  Predatory Behavior of Argiope argentata (Fabricius) , 1969 .

[55]  W. Sutherland.  Why do animals specialize? , 1987, Nature.

[56]  L. Fuiman.  Vulnerability of Atlantic herring larvae to predation by yearling herring , 1989 .

[57]  Jacqueline F. Savino,et al.  Behavioural interactions between fish predators and their prey: effects of plant density , 1989, Animal Behaviour.

[58]  L. Giraldeau,et al.  Exchangeable producer and scrounger roles in a captive flock of feral pigeons: a case for the skill pool effect , 1986, Animal Behaviour.

[59]  J. Messenger,et al.  The visual attack of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis. , 1968, Animal behaviour.

[60]  G. E. Goslow.  The Attack and Strike of Some North American Raptors , 1971 .

[61]  P. Bradley,et al.  Fluctuations in prey density: effects on the foraging tactics of scolopendrid centipedes , 1987, Animal Behaviour.

[62]  Tracy J. Miller.  Knotting: a previously undescribed feeding behavior in muraenid eels , 1987 .

[63]  G. Lauder,et al.  Feeding biology of sunfishes: patterns of variation in the feeding mechanism , 1986 .

[64]  D. Soluk,et al.  Vortex feeding from pits in the sand: A unique method of suspension feeding used by a stream invertebrate , 1988 .

[65]  A. Houston,et al.  The variability of behaviour and constrained optimization , 1985 .

[66]  Peter G. H. Evans,et al.  The natural history of whales and dolphins , 1987 .

[67]  Andrew Sih,et al.  Predation: direct and indirect impacts on aquatic communities , 1988 .

[68]  C. Barnard.  The Evolution of Food-Scrounging Strategies within and Between Species , 1984 .

[69]  M. Hixon.  Food Production and Competitor Density as the Determinants of Feeding Territory Size , 1980, The American Naturalist.

[70]  D. Noakes,et al.  Movers and stayers: foraging tactics of young-of-the-year brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis , 1987 .

[71]  M. C. Baker,et al.  Foraging success in junco flocks and the effects of social hierarchy , 1981, Animal Behaviour.

[72]  James L. Gould,et al.  The Role of Learning in Honey Bee Foraging , 1987 .

[73]  Thomas Caraco,et al.  Risk‐Sensitive Foraging Strategies of Two Spider Populations , 1987 .

[74]  P. Wainwright.  Motor correlates of learning behaviour: feeding on novel prey by pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). , 1986, The Journal of experimental biology.

[75]  T. Schoener.  Models of Optimal Size for Solitary Predators , 1969, The American Naturalist.

[76]  P. Klopfer,et al.  Perspectives in Ethology , 1973, Springer US.

[77]  P. R. Evans.  Energy Balance and Optimal Foraging Strategies in Shorebirds: Some Implications for Their Distributions and Movements in the Non-Breeding Season , 2015 .

[78]  N. Verbeek,et al.  Diet Selection and Optimization by Northwestern Crows Feeding on Japanese Littleneck Clams , 1986 .

[79]  C. P. O'connell,et al.  A Laboratory Study of Particulate and Filter Feeding of the Northern Anchovy (Engraulis mordax) , 1969 .

[80]  B. Beck.  Animal Tool Behavior , 1980 .

[81]  W. Neill,et al.  The last of the ruling reptiles , 1971 .

[82]  M. Norton-Griffiths.  The Organisation, Control and Development of Parental Feeding in the Oystercatcher (Haematopus Ostralegus) , 1969 .

[83]  T. Pitcher.  Behaviour of Teleost Fishes , 1986 .

[84]  E. Charnov.  Optimal foraging, the marginal value theorem. , 1976, Theoretical population biology.

[85]  L. Dill,et al.  A DETERMINATION OF THE ENERGETIC EQUIVALENCE OF THE RISK OF PREDATION , 1989 .

[86]  J. Krebs,et al.  Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach , 1978 .

[87]  T. Schoener.  Theory of Feeding Strategies , 1971 .

[88]  W. Murdoch.  Switching in General Predators: Experiments on Predator Specificity and Stability of Prey Populations , 1969 .

[89]  A. Magurran.  Individual Differences in Fish Behaviour , 1986 .

[90]  J. Ollason.  Learning to forage--optimally? , 1980, Theoretical population biology.

[91]  P. Webb,et al.  Strike tactics of Esox. , 1980, Canadian journal of zoology.

[92]  T. Ehlinger.  Learning and individual variation in bluegill foraging: habitat-specific techniques , 1989, Animal Behaviour.

[93]  L. Dill.  Animal decision making and its ecological consequences: the future of aquatic ecology and behaviour , 1987 .

[94]  David W. Stephens,et al.  Perspectives in ornithology: Perspectives in optimal foraging , 1983 .

[95]  W. Murdoch,et al.  EFFECTS OF FEEDING HISTORY ON SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM FUNCTIONAL RESPONSES IN NOTONECTA HOFFMANNI , 1978 .

[96]  R. Jaeger,et al.  Foraging Tactics of a Terrestrial Salamander: Judging Prey Profitability , 1982 .

[97]  Richard Astro,et al.  The Log from the Sea of Cortez , 1951 .

[98]  R. B. Root.  The Niche Exploitation Pattern of the Blue‐Gray Gnatcatcher , 1967 .

[99]  Tracy J. Miller.  Feeding behavior of Echidna nebulosa, Enchelycore pardalis, and Gymnomuraena zebra (Teleostei: Muraenidae) , 1989 .

[100]  Eric R. Pianka,et al.  Ecological Consequences of Foraging Mode , 1981 .

[101]  D. Nyberg.  Prey Capture in the Largemouth Bass , 1971 .

[102]  R. Vrijenhoek,et al.  Evolution of Fish Species Flocks , 1984 .

[103]  C. S. Holling.  The components of prédation as revealed by a study of small-mammal prédation of the European pine sawfly. , 1959 .

[104]  G. Helfman,et al.  Rotational feeding: overcoming gape-limited foraging in anguillid eels , 1986 .

[105]  P. Taylor,et al.  Test of optimal sampling by foraging great tits , 1978 .

[106]  G. Pyke.  Optimal Foraging Theory: A Critical Review , 1984 .

[107]  N. Davies,et al.  Prey selection and the search strategy of the spotted flycatcher (Muscicapa striata): A field study on optimal foraging , 1977, Animal Behaviour.

[108]  T. Tricas,et al.  Predatory behavior of the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) with notes on its biology , 1984 .

[109]  T. Hetherington.  Use of vibratory cues for detection of insect prey by the sandswimming lizard Scincus scincus , 1989, Animal Behaviour.

[110]  M. A. Ali,et al.  Environmental Physiology of Fishes , 2014, NATO Advanced Study Institutes Series.

[111]  F. H. Pough,et al.  Energy Costs of Subduing and Swallowing Prey for a Lizard , 1985 .

[112]  J. Godin,et al.  A fitness cost of foraging in the guppy , 1988, Nature.

[113]  James N. M. Smith,et al.  FOOD-SEARCHING BEHAVIOR OF TITMICE IN PATCHY ENVIRONMENTS' , 1974 .

[114]  F. Tesch.  The Eel: Biology and Management of Anguillid Eels , 1977 .

[115]  R. Zach.  Shell Dropping: Decision-Making and Optimal Foraging in Northwestern Crows , 1979 .

[116]  P. Sherman.  The levels of analysis , 1988, Animal Behaviour.

[117]  R. Rangeley,et al.  Predatory behaviour of juvenile shore crab Carcinus maenas (L.) , 1987 .

[118]  T. Ehlinger.  Foraging Mode Switches in the Golden Shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas) , 1989 .

[119]  R. K. Murton.  The Significance of a Specific Search Image in the Feeding Behaviour of the Wood-Pigeon , 1971 .

[120]  N. Xuong,et al.  Dihydrofolate reductase: x-ray structure of the binary complex with methotrexate. , 1977, Science.

[121]  R. Jaeger,et al.  Foraging Tactics of a Terrestrial Salamander: Choice of Diet in Structurally Simple Environments , 1981, The American Naturalist.

[122]  M. Edmunds,et al.  Defence in Animals , 1976 .

[123]  J. C. Tash,et al.  Particulate and filter feeding in threadfin shad, Dorosoma petenense, at different light intensities , 1978 .

[124]  L. Giraldeau,et al.  Scrounging prevents cultural transmission of food-finding behaviour in pigeons , 1987, Animal Behaviour.

[125]  H. Pöysä.  Feeding-Vigilance Trade-Off in the Teal (Anas Crecca): Effects of Feeding Method and Predation Risk , 1987 .

[126]  L. Giraldeau,et al.  Group Foraging: The Skill Pool Effect and Frequency-Dependent Learning , 1984, The American Naturalist.

[127]  R. Wolfgang.  CHEMISTRY AT HIGH VELOCITIES , 1966 .

[128]  P. Ewald,et al.  THE COST OF DOMINANCE AND ADVANTAGE OF SUBORDINATION IN A BADGE SIGNALING SYSTEM , 1981, Evolution; international journal of organic evolution.

[129]  J. Ebersole.  Food Density and Territory Size: An Alternative Model and a Test on the Reef Fish Eupomacentrus leucostictus , 1980, The American Naturalist.