Simultaneous Detection of Heavy Metals by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Using Carbon Nanotube Thread

Carbon nanotube (CNT) threads are a type of CNT arrays that consist of super long CNTs. CNT threads inherit the advantages of CNTs, while avoiding the potential toxicity caused by individual CNTs. Electrodes based on CNT threads were fabricated and used for simultaneous detection of trace levels of Cu2+, Pb2+ Cd2+ and Zn2+ by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). The detection limits are 0.27 nM, 1.5 nM, 1.9 nM and 1.4 nM for Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+, respectively, in 0.1 M acetate buffer pH 4.5. The CNT thread electrode gives well-defined, reproducible and sharp stripping signals for individual and simultaneous detection of heavy metals.

[1]  T. Ebbesen,et al.  Exceptionally high Young's modulus observed for individual carbon nanotubes , 1996, Nature.

[2]  K. R. Atkinson,et al.  Multifunctional Carbon Nanotube Yarns by Downsizing an Ancient Technology , 2004, Science.

[3]  J. Osterloh,et al.  Determination of lead in blood by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry at a carbon disk ultramicroelectrode. , 1994, Analytical chemistry.

[4]  A. Rousset,et al.  Specific surface area of carbon nanotubes and bundles of carbon nanotubes , 2001 .

[5]  Y. Urano,et al.  Highly Zinc-Selective Fluorescent Sensor Molecules Suitable for Biological Applications , 2000 .

[6]  L. Viry,et al.  Optimized carbon nanotube fiber microelectrodes as potential analytical tools , 2007, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[7]  He Xu,et al.  Ultrasensitive Voltammetric Detection of Trace Lead(II) and Cadmium(II) Using MWCNTs‐Nafion/Bismuth Composite Electrodes , 2008 .

[8]  Yuehe Lin,et al.  Glucose Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanotube Nanoelectrode Ensembles , 2004 .

[9]  M. Soylak,et al.  Cloud point extraction procedure for flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of lead(II) in sediment and water samples , 2007 .

[10]  Lu,et al.  Bismuth-coated carbon electrodes for anodic stripping voltammetry , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[11]  G. Seong,et al.  Simultaneous detection of ultratrace lead and copper with gold nanoparticles patterned on carbon nanotube thin film. , 2012, The Analyst.

[12]  V. Shanov,et al.  Determination of Trace Metals by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Using a Carbon Nanotube Tower Electrode , 2011 .

[13]  Guodong Liu,et al.  Ultrasensitive voltammetric detection of trace heavy metal ions using carbon nanotube nanoelectrode array. , 2005, The Analyst.

[14]  William R. Heineman,et al.  The effects of CopperZinc and CopperCadmium intermetallic compounds in different systems used for anodic stripping voltammetry , 1983 .

[15]  Z. Xue,et al.  Simultaneous Stripping Detection of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) Using a Bimetallic Hg-Bi/Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Composite Electrode. , 2011, Journal of electroanalytical chemistry.

[16]  Adam K. Wanekaya,et al.  Detection of Trace Heavy Metal Ions Using Carbon Nanotube- Modified Electrodes , 2009 .

[17]  J. Buffle,et al.  Metal flux and dynamic speciation at (bio)interfaces. Part I: Critical evaluation and compilation of physicochemical parameters for complexes with simple ligands and fulvic/humic substances. , 2007, Environmental science & technology.

[18]  W. Qin,et al.  Fabrication and Characterization of Carbon Nanotube‐Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposite: Application to Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Cadmium , 2009 .

[19]  D. Blake,et al.  Development and validation of a one-step immunoassay for determination of cadmium in human serum. , 2002, Analytical chemistry.

[20]  M. Smyth,et al.  Validation of bismuth film electrode for determination of cobalt and cadmium in soil extracts using ICP-MS. , 2004, Talanta.

[21]  V. Shanov,et al.  Spinning Carbon Nanotube Nanothread under a Scanning Electron Microscope , 2011, Materials.

[22]  J Wang,et al.  Mercury-free disposable lead sensors based on potentiometric stripping analysis at gold-coated screen-printed electrodes. , 1993, Analytical chemistry.

[23]  V. Shanov,et al.  Detection of Trace Zinc by an Electrochemical Microsensor based on Carbon Nanotube Threads , 2013 .

[24]  W. Qin,et al.  Nanomaterial/ionophore-based electrode for anodic stripping voltammetric determination of lead: an electrochemical sensing platform toward heavy metals. , 2009, Analytical chemistry.

[25]  P. Ajayan Nanotubes from Carbon. , 1999, Chemical reviews.

[26]  V. Shanov,et al.  Nanotube responsive materials , 2010 .

[27]  Lars Jarup,et al.  Hazards of heavy metal contamination. , 2003 .

[28]  V. Shanov,et al.  Thermal and electrical conductivity of array-spun multi-walled carbon nanotube yarns , 2012 .

[29]  Z. Es’haghi,et al.  Simultaneous extraction and determination of lead, cadmium and copper in rice samples by a new pre-concentration technique: Hollow fiber solid phase microextraction combined with differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry , 2011 .

[30]  N. Goddard,et al.  A Study of the Determination of Cu(II) by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry on a Novel Nylon/Carbon Fiber Electrode , 2004 .

[31]  Dusan Losic,et al.  Protein electrochemistry using aligned carbon nanotube arrays. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[32]  Gil-Ho Hwang,et al.  Determination of trace metals by anodic stripping voltammetry using a bismuth-modified carbon nanotube electrode. , 2008, Talanta.

[33]  E. Achterberg,et al.  Stripping voltammetry for the determination of trace metal speciation and in-situ measurements of trace metal distributions in marine waters , 1999 .

[34]  L. Dai,et al.  Electrochemistry at carbon nanotube electrodes: is the nanotube tip more active than the sidewall? , 2008, Angewandte Chemie.

[35]  Samuel P. Kounaves,et al.  Microfabricated Array of Iridium Microdisks as a Substrate for Direct Determination of Cu2+ or Hg2+ Using Square-Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry , 1999 .

[36]  T. Florence Determination of trace metals in marine samples by anodic stripping voltammetry , 1972 .

[37]  E. Kirowa-Eisner,et al.  The Silver Electrode in Square-Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry. Determination of Pb2+ without Removal of Oxygen , 1997 .

[38]  H. B. Halsall,et al.  High sensitivity carbon nanotube tower electrodes , 2006 .

[39]  G. Mori,et al.  In-flow speciation of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium in fresh waters by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry Part II. Optimization of measurement step , 1995 .

[40]  K. Bruland,et al.  Analysis for Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Mn in estuarine water by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry coupled with an automated flow injection system , 2002 .