SKILLS ACQUISITION BY YOUNG DRIVERS

The majority of the report consists of a literature review of past research into the nature of perception, interpretation and skilled response in young drivers. Consideration of the research suggests that the development of mature driving can be illuminated by considering research into the fundamental nature of expertise, or expert performance, in other activities. The report concludes by raising a number of questions about driving skill acquisition considered within the context of the development of expertise.

[1]  Richard L. Edwards,et al.  An experimental evaluation of driver license manuals and written tests , 1982 .

[2]  B. Fischhoff,et al.  Behavioral Decision Theory , 1977 .

[3]  B A Jonah,et al.  Accident risk and risk-taking behaviour among young drivers. , 1986, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[4]  G. Logan Skill and automaticity: Relations, implications, and future directions. , 1985 .

[5]  D. Broadbent,et al.  From detection to identification: Response to multiple targets in rapid serial visual presentation , 1987, Perception & psychophysics.

[6]  Donald C. Pelz,et al.  Driving “Immunization” in Alienated Young Men , 1976 .

[7]  E. Poulton,et al.  MEASURING THE SPARE ‘MENTAL CAPACITY ’OF CAR DRIVERS BY A SUBSIDIARY TASK , 1961 .

[8]  Maryse Simonnet,et al.  RECENTLY QUALIFIED DRIVERS: A COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS OF DRIVING INSTRUCTION , 1982 .

[9]  A. D. D. Groot Thought and Choice in Chess , 1978 .

[10]  John A. Groeger,et al.  Risk perception and decision taking during the transition between novice and experienced driver status , 1988 .

[11]  S. Oppe,et al.  The concept of risk: a decision theoretic approach , 1988 .

[12]  Raymond C. Peck,et al.  Toward a Dynamic System of Driver Improvement Program Evaluation , 1976 .

[13]  D Mahalel,et al.  Safety improvements and driver perception. , 1986, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[14]  R. Schmidt A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning. , 1975 .

[15]  A K Lund,et al.  Perceived risks and driving behavior. , 1986, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[16]  S W Keele,et al.  Explorations of individual differences relevant to high level skill. , 1982, Journal of motor behavior.

[17]  I. D. Brown,et al.  Exposure and experience are a confounded nuisance in research on driver behaviour. , 1982 .

[18]  D Gopher,et al.  Individual Differences in Attention and the Prediction of Flight Criteria , 1971, Perceptual and motor skills.

[19]  Susan Wiedenbeck,et al.  Novice/Expert Differences in Programming Skills , 1985, Int. J. Man Mach. Stud..

[20]  D F Preusser,et al.  DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A ROAD SAFETY PUBLIC EDUCATION PROCESS , 1987 .

[21]  W. C. Howell,et al.  Essentials of Industrial and Organizational Psychology , 1976 .

[22]  Catherine C. Lewis,et al.  Adolescents’ Traffic Casualties: Causes and Interventions , 1985 .

[23]  Simon Cohen,et al.  THE DRIVOMETER AS A MEASURE OF DRIVING SKILL , 1970 .

[24]  C. Wickens Attention and skilled performance. , 1989 .

[25]  C. I. Howarth,et al.  The relationship between objective risk, subjective risk and behaviour , 1988 .

[26]  Mark Weiser,et al.  Programming Problem Representation in Novice and Expert Programmers , 1983, Int. J. Man Mach. Stud..

[27]  J R Treat,et al.  The interaction between driver mental and physical conditions and errors causing traffic accidents: An analytical approach , 1978 .

[28]  Carl G. Hoyos Mental load and risk in traffic behaviour , 1988 .

[29]  Janet L. Kolodner,et al.  Towards an Understanding of the Role of Experience in the Evolution from Novice to Expert , 1983, Int. J. Man Mach. Stud..

[30]  Ronald H. Nowaczyk The Relationship of Problem-Solving Ability and Course Performance among Novice Programmers , 1984, Int. J. Man Mach. Stud..

[31]  W. E. Hick Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 1948, Nature.

[32]  Joanne O'Day A BEFORE AND AFTER ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENTS INVOLVING STUDENTS OF THE DEFENSIVE DRIVING COURSE , 1970 .

[33]  J. Duncan,et al.  Cognitive abilities and safety on the road: a re-examination of individual differences in dichotic listening and search for embedded figures. , 1986, Ergonomics.

[34]  B W Bragg,et al.  Perception of the risk of an accident by young and older drivers. , 1986, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[35]  Mark L. Edwards,et al.  An Evaluation of the Texas Driver Improvement Training Program , 1976 .

[36]  F A Haight,et al.  Risk, especially risk of traffic accident. , 1986, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[37]  Walter Schneider,et al.  Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory. , 1977 .

[38]  Iris Vessey,et al.  Expertise in Debugging Computer Programs: A Process Analysis , 1984, Int. J. Man Mach. Stud..

[39]  Robert Elwell A review of: “Individual Behaviour in the Control of Danger.” By ANDREW R. HALE and A. IAN GLENDON. (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987.) , 1989 .

[40]  G. Keinan,et al.  Decision making under stress: Scanning of alternatives under physical threat , 1987 .

[41]  A. Tversky,et al.  Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases , 1974, Science.

[42]  Kåre Rumar Collective risk but individual safety , 1988 .

[43]  S. J. Sullivan,et al.  The attention demands of movements. , 1976, Journal of motor behavior.

[44]  D. Glencross Psychology and Sport , 1979 .

[45]  Paul Litwin,et al.  Driver training , 1989 .

[46]  W H Janssen,et al.  Considerations on speed selection and risk homeostasis in driving. , 1988, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[47]  F. McKenna WHAT ROLE SHOULD THE CONCEPT OF RISK PLAY IN THEORIES OF ACCIDENT INVOLVEMENT , 1988 .

[48]  A. Salmoni Motor skill learning. , 1989 .

[49]  R Risser,et al.  Behavior in traffic conflict situations. , 1985, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[50]  D Gopher,et al.  A Selective Attention Test as a Predictor of Success in Flight Training , 1982, Human factors.

[51]  H. Simon,et al.  Perception in chess , 1973 .

[52]  P L Olson,et al.  Perception-Response Time to Unexpected Roadway Hazards , 1986, Human factors.

[53]  M. Corballis Recognition of disoriented shapes. , 1988, Psychological review.

[54]  A. R. Hale,et al.  ERRORS IN ROUTINE DRIVING TASKS: A MODEL AND PROPOSED ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE , 1988 .

[55]  Ronald R. Mourant,et al.  Acquisition of indirect vision information by novice, experienced, and mature drivers. , 1977 .

[56]  Alan M. Wing,et al.  7 – Doing Two Things at Once: Process Limitations and Interactions , 1984 .

[57]  D. Broadbent,et al.  On the Relationship between Task Performance and Associated Verbalizable Knowledge , 1984 .

[58]  S. Folkman,et al.  Stress, appraisal, and coping , 1974 .

[59]  H. H. Molen,et al.  A HIERARCHICAL RISK MODEL FOR TRAFFIC PARTICIPANTS , 1988 .

[60]  P F Lourens,et al.  Driving strategies among younger and older drivers when encountering children. , 1986, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[61]  J. D. Morrison,et al.  An Assessment of Decision-Making as a Possible Factor in the Age-Related Loss of Contrast Sensitivity , 1986, Perception.

[62]  B L Cole,et al.  What attracts attention when driving? , 1986, Ergonomics.

[63]  J. Cutting,et al.  Minimodularity and the perception of layout. , 1988, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[64]  Frank P. McKenna,et al.  Accident proneness: A conceptual analysis , 1983 .

[65]  A. Mcknight,et al.  Evaluation of peer intervention training for high school alcohol safety education. , 1986, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[66]  L. Hasher,et al.  Automatic and effortful processes in memory. , 1979 .

[67]  Baruch Fischhoff,et al.  Accident probabilities and seat belt usage: A psychological perspective☆ , 1978 .

[68]  E R Vingilis,et al.  School-based programmes for the prevention of drinking and driving: issues and results. , 1986, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[69]  Walter Schneider,et al.  Controlled and Automatic Human Information Processing: 1. Detection, Search, and Attention. , 1977 .

[70]  David Hawkins,et al.  An Analysis of Expert Thinking , 1983, Int. J. Man Mach. Stud..

[71]  K. Rumar The Role of Perceptual and Cognitive Filters in Observed Behavior , 1985 .

[72]  A. T. Welford,et al.  The fundamentals of skill , 1968 .

[73]  Ronald R. Mourant,et al.  Strategies of Visual Search by Novice and Experienced Drivers , 1972 .

[74]  H L Kundel,et al.  Visual scanning, pattern recognition and decision-making in pulmonary nodule detection. , 1978, Investigative radiology.

[75]  Carl Graf Hoyos,et al.  Estimating hazards in traffic situations , 1983 .

[76]  John R. Anderson,et al.  The Transfer of Text-Editing Skill , 1985, Int. J. Man Mach. Stud..

[77]  Marc M. Sebrechts,et al.  Tracing the evolution of knowledge structures , 1985 .

[78]  B. Fischhoff,et al.  Behavioral decision theory perspectives on risk and safety , 1984 .

[79]  A. Quimby,et al.  HUMAN FACTORS AND DRIVING PERFORMANCE , 1981 .

[80]  James Shanteau,et al.  Expert Judgment: Is More Information Better? , 1987 .

[81]  W. L. Mihal,et al.  Individual differences in perceptual information processing and their relation to automobile accident involvement. , 1976, The Journal of applied psychology.

[82]  G Blomquist A utility maximization model of driver traffic safety behavior. , 1986, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[83]  B. Hills Some studies of movement perception, age and accidents , 1975 .

[84]  M L Selzer,et al.  Young male drivers. Impulse expression, accidents, and violations. , 1967, JAMA.

[85]  CARL MARTIN ALLWOOD,et al.  Novices on the Computer: A Review of the Literature , 1986, Int. J. Man Mach. Stud..

[86]  B. Fischhoff,et al.  Calibration of probabilities: the state of the art to 1980 , 1982 .

[87]  J Onken,et al.  Individual differences in the use of simplification strategies in a complex decision-making task. , 1985, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[88]  M L Matthews,et al.  Age differences in male drivers' perception of accident risk: the role of perceived driving ability. , 1986, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[89]  Bruce K. Britton,et al.  Effects of prior knowledge on use of cognitive capacity in three complex cognitive tasks. , 1982 .

[90]  David Shinar The Effects of Expectancy, Clothing Reflectance, and Detection Criterion on Nighttime Pedestrian Visibility , 1985 .

[91]  Roger W. Schvaneveldt,et al.  Measuring the Structure of Expertise , 1985, Int. J. Man Mach. Stud..

[92]  Leonard Evans,et al.  Risky driving related to driver and vehicle characteristics , 1983 .