Mycetoma Medical Therapy

Medical treatment of mycetoma depends on its fungal or bacterial etiology. Clinically, these entities share similar features that can confuse diagnosis, causing a lack of therapeutic response due to inappropriate treatment. This review evaluates the response to available antimicrobial agents in actinomycetoma and the current status of antifungal drugs for treatment of eumycetoma.

[1]  A. Bonifaz,et al.  Actualización de la epidemiología del micetoma en México. Revisión de 3,933 casos , 2013 .

[2]  F. Franconi,et al.  Experimental Models of Disseminated Scedosporiosis with Cerebral Involvement , 2013, The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.

[3]  J. Xicohtencatl-Cortes,et al.  First case of mycetoma associated with Nocardia takedensis , 2013, The Journal of dermatology.

[4]  R. López-martínez,et al.  [Update on the epidemiology of mycetoma in Mexico. A review of 3933 cases]. , 2013, Gaceta medica de Mexico.

[5]  A. Fahal,et al.  Predictors of cure, amputation and follow-up dropout among patients with mycetoma seen at the Mycetoma Research Centre, University of Khartoum, Sudan. , 2012, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[6]  J. Meis,et al.  In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Isavuconazole against Madurella mycetomatis , 2012, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[7]  Á. Manjarrez-Hernandez,et al.  Nocardia harenae, an uncommon causative organism of mycetoma: report on two patients. , 2012, Journal of medical microbiology.

[8]  E. Welsh,et al.  Actinomycetoma and advances in its treatment. , 2012, Clinics in dermatology.

[9]  J. Ocampo-Candiani,et al.  Complete Genome Sequence of Nocardia brasiliensis HUJEG-1 , 2012, Journal of bacteriology.

[10]  G. S. de Hoog,et al.  New Species of Madurella, Causative Agents of Black-Grain Mycetoma , 2011, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[11]  J. Ocampo-Candiani,et al.  Decrease of virulence for BALB/c mice produced by continuous subculturing of Nocardia brasiliensis , 2011, BMC infectious diseases.

[12]  J. Meis,et al.  Severe prosthetic joint infection in an immunocompetent male patient due to a therapy refractory Pseudallescheria apiosperma , 2011, Mycoses.

[13]  J. Marimón,et al.  Susceptibility of 186 Nocardia sp. Isolates to 20 Antimicrobial Agents , 2011, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[14]  E. Zijlstra,et al.  The safety and efficacy of itraconazole for the treatment of patients with eumycetoma due to Madurella mycetomatis. , 2011, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[15]  A. van Belkum,et al.  In Vitro Susceptibility of Madurella mycetomatis to Posaconazole and Terbinafine , 2011, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[16]  E. Nweze,et al.  In vitro activity of conventional antifungal agents against Scedosporium apiospermum isolates recovered from clinical and environmental samples in Nigeria. , 2010, Acta microbiologica et immunologica Hungarica.

[17]  J. Guarro,et al.  Antifungal therapies in murine disseminated phaeohyphomycoses caused by Exophiala species. , 2010, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[18]  J. Ocampo-Candiani,et al.  In Vitro Activity of ACH-702, a New Isothiazoloquinolone, against Nocardia brasiliensis Compared with Econazole and the Carbapenems Imipenem and Meropenem Alone or in Combination with Clavulanic Acid , 2010, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[19]  A. van Belkum,et al.  Madurella mycetomatis Is Not Susceptible to the Echinocandin Class of Antifungal Agents , 2010, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[20]  P. Le Pape,et al.  Disseminated Scedosporium/Pseudallescheria Infection after Double-Lung Transplantation in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis , 2010, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[21]  H. Badali,et al.  The clinical spectrum of Exophiala jeanselmei, with a case report and in vitro antifungal susceptibility of the species. , 2010, Medical mycology.

[22]  I. Bakker-Woudenberg,et al.  The effects of antifungal agents to conidial and hyphal forms of Aspergillus fumigatus. , 2010, Medical mycology.

[23]  R. Tsuboi,et al.  Case of cutaneous Scedosporium apiospermum infection successfully treated with voriconazole , 2009, The Journal of dermatology.

[24]  M. Rinaldi,et al.  Antifungal susceptibility testing of Exophiala spp.: a head-to-head comparison of amphotericin B, itraconazole, posaconazole and voriconazole. , 2009, Medical mycology.

[25]  A. De Sarro,et al.  New and Investigational Triazole Agents for the Treatment of Invasive Fungal Infections , 2008, Journal of chemotherapy.

[26]  J. Ocampo-Candiani,et al.  Efficacy of Ciprofloxacin and Moxifloxacin against Nocardia brasiliensis In Vitro and in an Experimental Model of Actinomycetoma in BALB/c Mice , 2008, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[27]  D. Ellis,et al.  Treatment of Scedosporiosis with Voriconazole: Clinical Experience with 107 Patients , 2008, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[28]  J. Ocampo-Candiani,et al.  Efficacy of DA-7218, a New Oxazolidinone Prodrug, in the Treatment of Experimental Actinomycetoma Produced by Nocardia brasiliensis , 2008, Molecules.

[29]  D. Denning,et al.  New and emerging treatments for fungal infections. , 2008, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[30]  A. van Belkum,et al.  Melanin biosynthesis in Madurella mycetomatis and its effect on susceptibility to itraconazole and ketoconazole. , 2007, Microbes and infection.

[31]  M. Salvadori,et al.  Disseminated Scedosporium apiospermum infection in renal transplant recipient: long-term successful treatment with voriconazole: a case report. , 2007, Transplantation proceedings.

[32]  M. Pfaller,et al.  Multicenter Evaluation of a New Disk Agar Diffusion Method for Susceptibility Testing of Filamentous Fungi with Voriconazole, Posaconazole, Itraconazole, Amphotericin B, and Caspofungin , 2007, Journal of Clinical Microbiology.

[33]  N. Greer Posaconazole (Noxafil): A New Triazole Antifungal Agent , 2007, Proceedings.

[34]  O. Lortholary,et al.  Successful treatment of black-grain mycetoma with voriconazole. , 2006, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[35]  E. Rallis,et al.  Successful treatment of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis owing to Exophiala jeanselmei with oral terbinafine , 2006, International journal of dermatology.

[36]  P. Massip,et al.  Scedosporium apiospermum mycetoma with bone involvement successfully treated with voriconazole. , 2006, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[37]  J. Ocampo-Candiani,et al.  In Vitro Activities of DA-7157 and DA-7218 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Nocardia brasiliensis , 2006, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[38]  R. Wallace,,et al.  Clinical and Laboratory Features of the Nocardia spp. Based on Current Molecular Taxonomy , 2006, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[39]  M. Dieng,et al.  Clinical efficacy and safety of oral terbinafine in fungal mycetoma , 2006, International journal of dermatology.

[40]  R. Negroni,et al.  Posaconazole treatment of refractory eumycetoma and chromoblastomycosis. , 2005, Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo.

[41]  F. Derouin,et al.  Madurella mycetomatis mycetoma treated successfully with oral voriconazole , 2005, The British journal of dermatology.

[42]  J. Graybill,et al.  Antifungal Therapy of Experimental Cerebral Phaeohyphomycosis Due to Cladophialophora bantiana , 2005, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[43]  A. van Belkum,et al.  Testing of the In Vitro Susceptibilities of Madurella mycetomatis to Six Antifungal Agents by Using the Sensititre System in Comparison with a Viability-Based 2,3-Bis(2-Methoxy-4-Nitro-5-Sulfophenyl)-5- [(Phenylamino)Carbonyl]-2H-Tetrazolium Hydroxide (XTT) Assay and a Modified NCCLS Method , 2005, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[44]  J. Guarro,et al.  Correlation between In Vitro Susceptibility of Scedosporium apiospermum to Voriconazole and In Vivo Outcome of Scedosporiosis in Guinea Pigs , 2004, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[45]  A. van Belkum,et al.  In Vitro Susceptibilities of Madurella mycetomatis to Itraconazole and Amphotericin B Assessed by a Modified NCCLS Method and a Viability-Based 2,3-Bis(2-Methoxy-4-Nitro-5- Sulfophenyl)-5-[(Phenylamino)Carbonyl]-2H- Tetrazolium Hydroxide (XTT) Assay , 2004, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[46]  D. Loebenberg,et al.  Posaconazole Therapy of Disseminated Phaeohyphomycosis in a Murine Model , 2004, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[47]  D. Andes,et al.  Exophiala jeanselmei infection in a heart transplant recipient successfully treated with oral terbinafine. , 2004, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[48]  E. Mellado,et al.  In vitro activity of terbinafine against medically important non-dermatophyte species of filamentous fungi. , 2004, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[49]  V. Paetznick,et al.  In Vitro Activity of Anidulafungin against Selected Clinically Important Mold Isolates , 2004, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[50]  K. Nishimura,et al.  Susceptibility of Pseudallescheria boydii and Scedosporium apiospermum to new antifungal agents. , 2004, Nihon Ishinkin Gakkai zasshi = Japanese journal of medical mycology.

[51]  S. Said-Fernández,et al.  In Vitro and In Vivo Activities of Antimicrobials against Nocardia brasiliensis , 2004, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[52]  J. Guarro,et al.  Efficacy of Voriconazole in Treatment of Systemic Scedosporiosis in Neutropenic Mice , 2003, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[53]  A. van Belkum,et al.  A murine model of Madurella mycetomatis eumycetoma. , 2003, FEMS immunology and medical microbiology.

[54]  D. Loebenberg,et al.  Activity of Posaconazole against Pseudallescheria boydii: In Vitro and In Vivo Assays , 2003, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[55]  I. Mellinghoff,et al.  Treatment of Scedosporium apiospermum brain abscesses with posaconazole. , 2002, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[56]  J. Meis,et al.  In Vitro Activities of New and Conventional Antifungal Agents against Clinical Scedosporium Isolates , 2002, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[57]  I. Yeh,et al.  Experimental murine model of disseminated Pseudallescheria infection. , 2002, Medical mycology.

[58]  L. Vera-Cabrera,et al.  In Vitro Activity of PNU-100766 (Linezolid), a New Oxazolidinone Antimicrobial, against Nocardia brasiliensis , 2001, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[59]  J. Guarro,et al.  In Vitro Activities of Four Novel Triazoles againstScedosporium spp , 2001, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[60]  J. C. Maddox,et al.  Linezolid and reversible myelosuppression. , 2001, JAMA.

[61]  J. Peacock,et al.  Pseudallescheria boydii brain abscess successfully treated with voriconazole and surgical drainage: case report and literature review of central nervous system pseudallescheriasis. , 2000, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[62]  M. Cuenca‐Estrella,et al.  Comparative in-vitro activity of voriconazole (UK-109,496) and six other antifungal agents against clinical isolates of Scedosporium prolificans and Scedosporium apiospermum. , 1999, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[63]  M. Salinas-Carmona,et al.  Experimental mycetoma by Nocardia brasiliensis in rats , 1998 .

[64]  A. Paugam,et al.  Clinical cure of fungal madura foot with oral itraconazole. , 1997, Cutis.

[65]  S. Radford,et al.  In vitro studies of activity of voriconazole (UK-109,496), a new triazole antifungal agent, against emerging and less-common mold pathogens , 1997, Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.

[66]  E. L. Smith,et al.  Improvement of eumycetoma with itraconazole. , 1997, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[67]  A. Burdick,et al.  Improvement of eumycetoma with itraconazole. , 1995, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[68]  P. V. Venugopal,et al.  TREATMENT OF EUMYCETOMA WITH KETOCONAZOLE , 1993, The Australasian journal of dermatology.

[69]  S. Ilavarasi,et al.  Antimycotic susceptibility testing of agents of black grain eumycetoma. , 1993, Journal of medical and veterinary mycology : bi-monthly publication of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology.

[70]  A. Nafziger,et al.  Incidence of and significant risk factors for aminoglycoside-associated nephrotoxicity in patients dosed by using individualized pharmacokinetic monitoring. , 1993, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[71]  R. Negroni,et al.  A Pan-American 5-year study of fluconazole therapy for deep mycoses in the immunocompetent host. Pan-American Study Group. , 1992, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[72]  P. Benfield,et al.  Ciprofloxacin. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. , 1988, Drugs.

[73]  O. Welsh,et al.  Amikacin alone and in combination with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of actinomycotic mycetoma. , 1987, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.

[74]  A. Jm Value of ketoconazole in combination with the surgical treatment of fungal mycetoma , 1986 .

[75]  J. M. Andreu [Value of ketoconazole in combination with the surgical treatment of fungal mycetoma]. , 1986, Chirurgie; memoires de l'Academie de chirurgie.

[76]  L. López,et al.  Mycetomas with pulmonary dissemination , 1985 .

[77]  J. López López,et al.  [Mycetomas with pulmonary dissemination]. , 1985, Medicina cutanea ibero-latino-americana.

[78]  E. Mahgoub,et al.  Ketoconazole in the treatment of eumycetoma due to Madurella mycetomii. , 1984, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[79]  E. S. Mahgoub Experimental infection of athymic nude New Zealand mice, nu nu strain with mycetoma agents. , 1978, Sabouraudia.

[80]  R. Black,et al.  Ototoxicity of Amikacin , 1976, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[81]  E. Mahgoub Treatment of actinomycetoma with sulphamethoxazole plus trimethoprim. , 1972, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.