Glutathione Homeostasis and Functions: Potential Targets for Medical Interventions

Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide, which has many biological roles including protection against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The primary goal of this paper is to characterize the principal mechanisms of the protective role of GSH against reactive species and electrophiles. The ancillary goals are to provide up-to-date knowledge of GSH biosynthesis, hydrolysis, and utilization; intracellular compartmentalization and interorgan transfer; elimination of endogenously produced toxicants; involvement in metal homeostasis; glutathione-related enzymes and their regulation; glutathionylation of sulfhydryls. Individual sections are devoted to the relationships between GSH homeostasis and pathologies as well as to developed research tools and pharmacological approaches to manipulating GSH levels. Special attention is paid to compounds mainly of a natural origin (phytochemicals) which affect GSH-related processes. The paper provides starting points for development of novel tools and provides a hypothesis for investigation of the physiology and biochemistry of glutathione with a focus on human and animal health.

[1]  R. Brigelius-Flohé,et al.  Glutathione peroxidases. , 2013, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[2]  M. Pedrosa,et al.  Whey protein precludes lipid and protein oxidation and improves body weight gain in resistance-exercised rats , 2011, European journal of nutrition.

[3]  Arthur J. L. Cooper,et al.  Reversible and irreversible protein glutathionylation: biological and clinical aspects , 2011, Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology.

[4]  C. Junot,et al.  Glutathione revisited: a vital function in iron metabolism and ancillary role in thiol‐redox control , 2011, The EMBO journal.

[5]  K. Nair,et al.  Mitochondrial longevity pathways. , 2011, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[6]  C. Zeng,et al.  Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) induced intermolecular cross-linking of membrane proteins. , 2011, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[7]  V. Lushchak Adaptive response to oxidative stress: Bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. , 2011, Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP.

[8]  Michael Berk,et al.  N-acetylcysteine in psychiatry: current therapeutic evidence and potential mechanisms of action. , 2011, Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN.

[9]  N. Ercal,et al.  Comparative evaluation of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA) on glutamate and lead-induced toxicity in CD-1 mice. , 2011, Toxicology letters.

[10]  Dean P. Jones,et al.  Dietary sulfur amino acid effects on fasting plasma cysteine/cystine redox potential in humans. , 2011, Nutrition.

[11]  Caroline O Odewumi,et al.  Protective effects of N-acetylcysteine against cadmium-induced damage in cultured rat normal liver cells. , 2011, International journal of molecular medicine.

[12]  V. Lushchak Environmentally induced oxidative stress in aquatic animals. , 2011, Aquatic toxicology.

[13]  L. Lash,et al.  Influence of renal compensatory hypertrophy on mitochondrial energetics and redox status. , 2011, Biochemical pharmacology.

[14]  H. Karacal,et al.  In vivo inhibition of l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine-induced cataracts by a novel antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine amide. , 2011, Free radical biology & medicine.

[15]  Paul J Thornalley,et al.  Methylglyoxal, glyoxalase 1 and the dicarbonyl proteome , 2010, Amino Acids.

[16]  Vivek T. Natarajan,et al.  Transcriptional upregulation of Nrf2-dependent phase II detoxification genes in the involved epidermis of vitiligo vulgaris. , 2010, The Journal of investigative dermatology.

[17]  A. Holmgren,et al.  The use of thiols by ribonucleotide reductase. , 2010, Free radical biology & medicine.

[18]  Effect of antioxidants on mitochondrial function in HIV-1-related lipoatrophy: a pilot study. , 2010, AIDS research and human retroviruses.

[19]  C. Salerno,et al.  Metabolism of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. , 2010, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[20]  Steven R Patierno,et al.  Chromium genotoxicity: A double-edged sword. , 2010, Chemico-biological interactions.

[21]  Yanning Lu,et al.  Protective effects of the citrus flavanones to PC12 cells against cytotoxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide , 2010, Neuroscience Letters.

[22]  F. Pallardó,et al.  A nuclear glutathione cycle within the cell cycle. , 2010, The Biochemical journal.

[23]  Donna D. Zhang The Nrf2-Keap1-ARE signaling pathway: The regulation and dual function of Nrf2 in cancer. , 2010, Antioxidants & redox signaling.

[24]  Robert A. Smith,et al.  Toxicological and pathophysiological roles of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. , 2010, Toxicology.

[25]  Shakir Ali,et al.  Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway may be the prime target for chemoprevention of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by lycopene. , 2010, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[26]  Zu-hua Gao,et al.  Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway and natural products for cancer chemoprevention. , 2010, Cancer epidemiology.

[27]  A. Crozier,et al.  Berry flavonoids and phenolics: bioavailability and evidence of protective effects , 2010, British Journal of Nutrition.

[28]  M. Kwak,et al.  The Nrf2 System as a Potential Target for the Development of Indirect Antioxidants , 2010, Molecules.

[29]  E. Ibáñez,et al.  Antioxidant-Prooxidant Properties of a New Organoselenium Compound Library , 2010, Molecules.

[30]  A. Shehzad,et al.  Curcumin in Cancer Chemoprevention: Molecular Targets, Pharmacokinetics, Bioavailability, and Clinical Trials , 2010, Archiv der Pharmazie.

[31]  A. Dinkova-Kostova,et al.  NAD(P)H:quinone acceptor oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), a multifunctional antioxidant enzyme and exceptionally versatile cytoprotector. , 2010, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[32]  H. Sies Polyphenols and health: update and perspectives. , 2010, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[33]  S. Jonjić,et al.  Modulation of natural killer cell activity by viruses. , 2010, Current opinion in microbiology.

[34]  A. Azmi,et al.  Catalytic Therapy of Cancer by Ascorbic Acid Involves Redox Cycling of Exogenous/Endogenous Copper Ions and Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species , 2010, Chemotherapy.

[35]  M. Düfer,et al.  Oxidative stress and beta-cell dysfunction , 2010, Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology.

[36]  M. Hanigan,et al.  Enzymes Involved in Processing Glutathione Conjugates , 2010, Comprehensive Toxicology.

[37]  T. Tsuruo,et al.  Glyoxalase-I is a novel target against Bcr-Abl+ leukemic cells acquiring stem-like characteristics in a hypoxic environment , 2010, Cell Death and Differentiation.

[38]  Catherine B. Chan,et al.  Reactive oxygen species and endothelial function in diabetes. , 2010, European journal of pharmacology.

[39]  R. T. Carroll,et al.  Resveratrol Suppresses Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response in Diethylnitrosamine-Initiated Rat Hepatocarcinogenesis , 2010, Cancer Prevention Research.

[40]  A. Holmgren,et al.  Thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase: current research with special reference to human disease. , 2010, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[41]  F. Sam,et al.  Oxidative stress and autophagy in cardiac disease, neurological disorders, aging and cancer. , 2010, Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity.

[42]  Donna D. Zhang,et al.  The Cinnamon-Derived Dietary Factor Cinnamic Aldehyde Activates the Nrf2-Dependent Antioxidant Response in Human Epithelial Colon Cells , 2010, Molecules.

[43]  Q. Dong,et al.  Cytoprotection by almond skin extracts or catechins of hepatocyte cytotoxicity induced by hydroperoxide (oxidative stress model) versus glyoxal or methylglyoxal (carbonylation model). , 2010, Chemico-biological interactions.

[44]  Y. Inoue,et al.  Calcineurin/Crz1 destabilizes Msn2 and Msn4 in the nucleus in response to Ca(2+) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. , 2010, The Biochemical journal.

[45]  J. Vincent Chromium: celebrating 50 years as an essential element? , 2010, Dalton transactions.

[46]  Jun Shen,et al.  Nrf2 signaling and cell survival. , 2010, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[47]  Masayuki Yamamoto,et al.  The rise of antioxidant signaling--the evolution and hormetic actions of Nrf2. , 2010, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[48]  V. Lushchak Oxidative stress in yeast , 2010, Biochemistry (Moscow).

[49]  W. Cefalu,et al.  Current Concepts About Chromium Supplementation in Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance , 2010, Current diabetes reports.

[50]  Q. Ma Transcriptional responses to oxidative stress: pathological and toxicological implications. , 2010, Pharmacology & therapeutics.

[51]  C. Thompson,et al.  Formaldehyde dehydrogenase: beyond phase I metabolism. , 2010, Toxicology letters.

[52]  A. Mollica,et al.  Prodrug Approach for Increasing Cellular Glutathione Levels , 2010, Molecules.

[53]  Yoshimasa Nakamura,et al.  Electrophiles in Foods: The Current Status of Isothiocyanates and Their Chemical Biology , 2010, Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry.

[54]  L. Lands,et al.  Dietary supplementation with pressurized whey in patients with cystic fibrosis. , 2010, Journal of medicinal food.

[55]  H. Doerr,et al.  N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) inhibits virus replication and expression of pro-inflammatory molecules in A549 cells infected with highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A virus. , 2010, Biochemical pharmacology.

[56]  T. Tollefsbol,et al.  Polyphenols and aging. , 2010, Current aging science.

[57]  Xianglin Shi,et al.  Inhibition of AP-1 and MAPK signaling and activation of Nrf2/ARE pathway by quercitrin. , 2009, International journal of oncology.

[58]  C. Arra,et al.  Review of molecular mechanisms involved in the activation of the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway by chemopreventive agents. , 2010, Methods in molecular biology.

[59]  M. Nangaku,et al.  The role of glyoxalase system in renal hypoxia. , 2010, Advances in experimental medicine and biology.

[60]  N. Dhalla,et al.  Attenuation of ischemia-reperfusion-induced alterations in intracellular Ca2+ in cardiomyocytes from hearts treated with N-acetylcysteine and N-mercaptopropionylglycine. , 2009, Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology.

[61]  C. Neumann,et al.  Peroxiredoxin 1 and its role in cell signaling , 2009, Cell cycle.

[62]  S. Aust,et al.  Quantification of hydroxyl radical produced during phacoemulsification , 2009, Journal of cataract and refractive surgery.

[63]  M. Berry,et al.  Transcriptional regulation of mammalian selenoprotein expression. , 2009, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[64]  S. Toppo,et al.  Catalytic mechanisms and specificities of glutathione peroxidases: variations of a basic scheme. , 2009, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[65]  L. Lash Renal glutathione transport: Identification of carriers, physiological functions, and controversies , 2009, BioFactors.

[66]  S. Niture,et al.  Nrf2:inrf2 (keap1) Signaling in Oxidative Stress , 2022 .

[67]  A. Colell,et al.  Mitochondrial glutathione, a key survival antioxidant. , 2009, Antioxidants & redox signaling.

[68]  D. Butterfield,et al.  Nitric oxide in cell survival: a janus molecule. , 2009, Antioxidants & redox signaling.

[69]  A. Ortiz,et al.  Inhibition of p38-MAPK potentiates cisplatin-induced apoptosis via GSH depletion and increases intracellular drug accumulation in growth-arrested kidney tubular epithelial cells. , 2009, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[70]  J. Stamler,et al.  Protein denitrosylation: enzymatic mechanisms and cellular functions , 2009, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.

[71]  M. Ishikura,et al.  Kinetic Study of the Prooxidant Effect of α-Tocopherol. Hydrogen Abstraction from Lipids by α-Tocopheroxyl Radical , 2009, Lipids.

[72]  J. Stamler,et al.  Protein S-nitrosylation in health and disease: a current perspective. , 2009, Trends in molecular medicine.

[73]  H. Ho,et al.  Ineffective GSH regeneration enhances G6PD-knockdown Hep G2 cell sensitivity to diamide-induced oxidative damage. , 2009, Free radical biology & medicine.

[74]  Hongqiao Zhang,et al.  Redox regulation of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. , 2009, American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology.

[75]  Tianpeng Zhang,et al.  Epigallocatechin-3-gallate enhances ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells via AKT and MAPK pathways , 2009, Apoptosis.

[76]  S. Spivack,et al.  Dietary chemoprevention strategies for induction of phase II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in lung carcinogenesis: A review. , 2009, Lung cancer.

[77]  L. Brown,et al.  N-acetylcysteine improves group B streptococcus clearance in a rat model of chronic ethanol ingestion. , 2009, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

[78]  V. Anderson,et al.  Covalent cross-linking of glutathione and carnosine to proteins by 4-oxo-2-nonenal. , 2009, Chemical research in toxicology.

[79]  C. B. Pickett,et al.  The Nrf2-Antioxidant Response Element Signaling Pathway and Its Activation by Oxidative Stress* , 2009, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[80]  N. Traverso,et al.  Whey proteins influence hepatic glutathione after CCl4 intoxication , 2009, Toxicology and industrial health.

[81]  M. S. Butt,et al.  Green Tea: Nature's Defense against Malignancies , 2009, Critical reviews in food science and nutrition.

[82]  P. Tchounwou,et al.  Ecotoxicology of Hexavalent Chromium in Freshwater Fish: A Critical Review , 2009, Reviews on environmental health.

[83]  G. Sudhandiran,et al.  Diallyl sulfide enhances antioxidants and inhibits inflammation through the activation of Nrf2 against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. , 2009, European journal of pharmacology.

[84]  Y. Sakai,et al.  Yap1-Regulated Glutathione Redox System Curtails Accumulation of Formaldehyde and Reactive Oxygen Species in Methanol Metabolism of Pichia pastoris , 2009, Eukaryotic Cell.

[85]  H. Semchyshyn Hydrogen peroxide-induced response in E. coli and S. cerevisiae: different stages of the flow of the genetic information , 2009, Central European Journal of Biology.

[86]  Shelly C. Lu Regulation of glutathione synthesis. , 2009, Molecular aspects of medicine.

[87]  A. Kong,et al.  Molecular mechanisms of Nrf2‐mediated antioxidant response , 2009, Molecular carcinogenesis.

[88]  J. Winther,et al.  Quantifying the global cellular thiol–disulfide status , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[89]  V. Lushchak,et al.  Catalase modifies yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae response towards S-nitrosoglutathione-induced stress , 2008, Redox report : communications in free radical research.

[90]  Masayuki Yamamoto,et al.  The Antioxidant Defense System Keap1-Nrf2 Comprises a Multiple Sensing Mechanism for Responding to a Wide Range of Chemical Compounds , 2008, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[91]  A. Zhitkovich,et al.  Reduction with glutathione is a weakly mutagenic pathway in chromium(VI) metabolism. , 2008, Chemical research in toxicology.

[92]  Molly M Gallogly,et al.  Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of reversible protein S-glutathionylation. , 2008, Antioxidants & redox signaling.

[93]  Lixue Dong,et al.  The Redox Environment in the Mitochondrial Intermembrane Space Is Maintained Separately from the Cytosol and Matrix* , 2008, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[94]  P. Dedon,et al.  Kinetic analysis of intracellular concentrations of reactive nitrogen species. , 2008, Chemical research in toxicology.

[95]  J. K. Kundu,et al.  Nrf2 as a Master Redox Switch in Turning on the Cellular Signaling Involved in the Induction of Cytoprotective Genes by Some Chemopreventive Phytochemicals , 2008, Planta medica.

[96]  R. S. Sohal,et al.  Pro-oxidant shift in glutathione redox state during aging. , 2008, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[97]  Xiang‐Dong Wang,et al.  Enzymatic metabolites of lycopene induce Nrf2‐mediated expression of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human bronchial epithelial cells , 2008, International journal of cancer.

[98]  Takao Ito,et al.  Adaptive HNE-Nrf2-HO-1 pathway against oxidative stress is associated with acute gastric mucosal lesions. , 2008, American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology.

[99]  Y. Surh,et al.  (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate induces Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzyme expression via activation of PI3K and ERK in human mammary epithelial cells. , 2008, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[100]  J. Enríquez,et al.  Cisplatin-mediated impairment of mitochondrial DNA metabolism inversely correlates with glutathione levels. , 2008, The Biochemical journal.

[101]  W. Schuhmann,et al.  Reagentless amperometric formaldehyde-selective biosensors based on the recombinant yeast formaldehyde dehydrogenase. , 2008, Talanta.

[102]  Donna D. Zhang,et al.  Cinnamoyl-based Nrf2-activators targeting human skin cell photo-oxidative stress. , 2008, Free radical biology & medicine.

[103]  Rogerio Margis,et al.  Glutathione peroxidase family – an evolutionary overview , 2008, The FEBS journal.

[104]  T. Liang,et al.  Protective Effect of Glutathione Against Liver Warm Ischemia‐Reperfusion Injury in Rats is Associated with Regulation of P‐Selectin and Neutrophil Infiltration , 2008, Anatomical record.

[105]  Paul Talalay,et al.  Direct and indirect antioxidant properties of inducers of cytoprotective proteins. , 2008, Molecular nutrition & food research.

[106]  M. Gunaratnam,et al.  Cr (VI) inhibits DNA, RNA and protein syntheses in hepatocytes: involvement of glutathione reductase, reduced glutathione and DT-diaphorase. , 2008, Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA.

[107]  D. Putt,et al.  Hepatic mitochondrial transport of glutathione: studies in isolated rat liver mitochondria and H4IIE rat hepatoma cells. , 2008, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[108]  Sanjay Gupta,et al.  Dietary curcumin modulates transcriptional regulators of phase I and phase II enzymes in benzo[a]pyrene-treated mice: mechanism of its anti-initiating action. , 2008, Carcinogenesis.

[109]  K. Storey,et al.  The effect of potassium dichromate on free radical processes in goldfish: possible protective role of glutathione. , 2008, Aquatic toxicology.

[110]  J. Winther,et al.  Redox characteristics of the eukaryotic cytosol. , 2008, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[111]  J. Sastre,et al.  Modulation of longevity-associated genes by estrogens or phytoestrogens , 2008, Biological chemistry.

[112]  P. Hrelia,et al.  Chemoprevention of cancer by isothiocyanates and anthocyanins: mechanisms of action and structure-activity relationship. , 2008, Current medicinal chemistry.

[113]  L. Ji Modulation of skeletal muscle antioxidant defense by exercise: Role of redox signaling. , 2008, Free radical biology & medicine.

[114]  M. Aral,et al.  Protective Effects of N-Acetylcysteine and β -Glucan Pretreatment on Oxidative Stress in Cecal Ligation and Puncture Model of Sepsis , 2008, Journal of investigative surgery : the official journal of the Academy of Surgical Research.

[115]  S. Yadav,et al.  AN OVERVIEW ON THE ROLE OF METHYLGLYOXAL AND GLYOXALASES IN PLANTS , 2008, Drug metabolism and drug interactions.

[116]  G. Sykiotis,et al.  Keap1/Nrf2 signaling regulates oxidative stress tolerance and lifespan in Drosophila. , 2008, Developmental cell.

[117]  M. Kalapos METHYLGLYOXAL AND GLUCOSE METABOLISM: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND FUTURE AVENUES FOR RESEARCH , 2008, Drug metabolism and drug interactions.

[118]  Yuyuan Li,et al.  The structural modification of DNA nucleosides by nonenzymatic glycation: an in vitro study based on the reactions of glyoxal and methylglyoxal with 2′-deoxyguanosine , 2008, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[119]  A. Hilliker,et al.  The effects of vitamin supplementation on Drosophila life span under normoxia and under oxidative stress. , 2008, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[120]  D. Townsend,et al.  S-glutathionylation: indicator of cell stress and regulator of the unfolded protein response. , 2007, Molecular interventions.

[121]  A. Mesecar,et al.  Sites of alkylation of human Keap1 by natural chemoprevention agents , 2007, Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry.

[122]  V. Skulachev,et al.  A biochemical approach to the problem of aging: “Megaproject” on membrane-penetrating ions. The first results and prospects , 2007, Biochemistry (Moscow).

[123]  Y. Surh,et al.  Capsaicin induces heme oxygenase-1 expression in HepG2 cells via activation of PI3K-Nrf2 signaling: NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase as a potential target. , 2007, Antioxidants & redox signaling.

[124]  A. Murakami,et al.  Modifying Effects of Dietary Factors on (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate-induced Pro-matrix Metalloproteinase-7 Production in HT-29 Human Colorectal Cancer Cells , 2007, Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry.

[125]  L. Lash Faculty Opinions recommendation of Glutathione binding to the Bcl-2 homology-3 domain groove: a molecular basis for Bcl-2 antioxidant function at mitochondria. , 2007 .

[126]  V. Castranova,et al.  Phenol-induced in vivo oxidative stress in skin: evidence for enhanced free radical generation, thiol oxidation, and antioxidant depletion. , 2007, Chemical research in toxicology.

[127]  S. Paryzhak,et al.  Formaldehyde dehydrogenase from the recombinant yeast Hansenula polymorpha: isolation and bioanalytic application. , 2007, FEMS yeast research.

[128]  S. Duan,et al.  S-nitrosylation/denitrosylation and apoptosis of immune cells. , 2007, Cellular & molecular immunology.

[129]  R. Sandaltzopoulos,et al.  Sulfur-containing compounds in protecting against oxidant-mediated lung diseases. , 2007, Current medicinal chemistry.

[130]  M. Pischetsrieder,et al.  Analysis of DNA-bound advanced glycation end-products by LC and mass spectrometry. , 2007, Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences.

[131]  L. Herzenberg,et al.  N-Acetylcysteine--a safe antidote for cysteine/glutathione deficiency. , 2007, Current opinion in pharmacology.

[132]  N. Ballatori,et al.  Human organic anion transporter 1B1 and 1B3 function as bidirectional carriers and do not mediate GSH-bile acid cotransport. , 2007, American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology.

[133]  M. Muramatsu,et al.  Regulation of glutathione transferase P: a tumor marker of hepatocarcinogenesis. , 2007, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[134]  C. Klaassen,et al.  Induction of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes by Garlic and Allyl Sulfide Compounds via Activation of Constitutive Androstane Receptor and Nuclear Factor E2-Related Factor 2 , 2007, Drug Metabolism and Disposition.

[135]  K. Salnikow,et al.  The role of ascorbate in the modulation of HIF-1alpha protein and HIF-dependent transcription by chromium(VI) and nickel(II). , 2007, Free radical biology & medicine.

[136]  J. Yang,et al.  Diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide up-regulate the expression of the pi class of glutathione S-transferase via an AP-1-dependent pathway. , 2007, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[137]  R. Brigelius-Flohé,et al.  Modulation of pregnane X receptor- and electrophile responsive element-mediated gene expression by dietary polyphenolic compounds. , 2007, Free radical biology & medicine.

[138]  J. K. Kundu,et al.  Epigallocatechin Gallate Inhibits Phorbol Ester‐Induced Activation of NF‐κB and CREB in Mouse Skin , 2007 .

[139]  Sang -Geon Kim,et al.  PI3K, RSK, and mTOR signal networks for the GST gene regulation. , 2006, Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology.

[140]  J. Pincemail,et al.  [Oxidative stress]. , 2007, Revue medicale de Liege.

[141]  A. Favier,et al.  Hydroxyl radical formation and lipid peroxidation enhancement by chromium , 2007, Biological Trace Element Research.

[142]  J. Ross,et al.  Curcumin induces heme oxygenase 1 through generation of reactive oxygen species, p38 activation and phosphatase inhibition. , 2007, International journal of molecular medicine.

[143]  L. Lash Mitochondrial glutathione transport: physiological, pathological and toxicological implications. , 2006, Chemico-biological interactions.

[144]  Maria J Perez,et al.  OATP8/1B3-mediated Cotransport of Bile Acids and Glutathione , 2006, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[145]  R. Brigelius-Flohé,et al.  Glutathione peroxidases and redox-regulated transcription factors , 2006, Biological chemistry.

[146]  H. Kang,et al.  Accumulation of cadmium ions in the methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha , 2006, Biometals.

[147]  D. Townsend,et al.  A novel role for human sulfiredoxin in the reversal of glutathionylation. , 2006, Cancer research.

[148]  J. Jakus,et al.  Effect of soy- and whey protein-isolate supplemented diet on the redox parameters of trained mice , 2006, European journal of nutrition.

[149]  R. Regenthal,et al.  Carbonyl stress and NMDA receptor activation contribute to methylglyoxal neurotoxicity. , 2006, Free radical biology & medicine.

[150]  K. M. Davies,et al.  PABA/NO as an anticancer lead: analogue synthesis, structure revision, solution chemistry, reactivity toward glutathione, and in vitro activity. , 2006, Journal of medicinal chemistry.

[151]  D. Townsend,et al.  A Glutathione S-Transferase π-Activated Prodrug Causes Kinase Activation Concurrent with S-Glutathionylation of Proteins , 2006, Molecular Pharmacology.

[152]  Ann Marie Schmidt,et al.  Methylglyoxal Comes of AGE , 2006, Cell.

[153]  A. Kong,et al.  Modulation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2–mediated gene expression in mice liver and small intestine by cancer chemopreventive agent curcumin , 2006, Molecular Cancer Therapeutics.

[154]  Masayuki Yamamoto,et al.  Nrf2-Keap1 regulation of cellular defense mechanisms against electrophiles and reactive oxygen species. , 2006, Advances in enzyme regulation.

[155]  S. Kropf,et al.  Consumption of redox energy by glutathione metabolism contributes to hypoxia/ reoxygenation-induced injury in astrocytes , 2006, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry.

[156]  V. Lushchak,et al.  Diethyldithiocarbamate inhibits in vivo Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase and perturbs free radical processes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. , 2005, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[157]  R. Colavitti,et al.  This Review Is Part of a Thematic Series on New Paradigms of Transcriptional Control of Myocardial and Vascular Growth, Which Includes the following Articles: Redox-dependent Transcriptional Regulation Excitation-transcription Coupling Redox-dependent Transcriptional Regulation Review Mammalian Redo , 2022 .

[158]  D. Liebler,et al.  Identification of sensor cysteines in human Keap1 modified by the cancer chemopreventive agent sulforaphane. , 2005, Chemical research in toxicology.

[159]  V. Lushchak,et al.  Possible role of superoxide dismutases in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae under respiratory conditions. , 2005, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[160]  D. Townsend,et al.  Sulfiredoxin: a potential therapeutic agent? , 2005, Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie.

[161]  John M Pezzuto,et al.  Modifying specific cysteines of the electrophile-sensing human Keap1 protein is insufficient to disrupt binding to the Nrf2 domain Neh2. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[162]  A. Mesecar,et al.  Xanthohumol isolated from Humulus lupulus Inhibits menadione-induced DNA damage through induction of quinone reductase. , 2005, Chemical research in toxicology.

[163]  Titiz Izzet,et al.  Oxidative stress in portal hypertension-induced rats with particular emphasis on nitric oxide and trace metals. , 2005, World journal of gastroenterology.

[164]  V. Castranova,et al.  Inhibition of Activator Protein-1, NF-κB, and MAPKs and Induction of Phase 2 Detoxifying Enzyme Activity by Chlorogenic Acid* , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[165]  P. Maher The effects of stress and aging on glutathione metabolism , 2005, Ageing Research Reviews.

[166]  N. Kaplowitz,et al.  Hepatic mitochondrial glutathione: transport and role in disease and toxicity. , 2005, Toxicology and applied pharmacology.

[167]  V. Lushchak,et al.  The effect of buthionine sulfoximine on the glutathione level in goldfish tissues. , 2005, Ukrains'kyi biokhimichnyi zhurnal.

[168]  M. Cronin,et al.  Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress. , 2005, Current medicinal chemistry.

[169]  Catherine B. Chan,et al.  Role of mitochondria in toxic oxidative stress. , 2005, Molecular interventions.

[170]  In Sup Kil,et al.  Regulation of Mitochondrial NADP+-dependent Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Activity by Glutathionylation* , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[171]  A. Colell,et al.  Critical Role of Mitochondrial Glutathione in the Survival of Hepatocytes during Hypoxia* , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[172]  R. Poole,et al.  Nitric oxide and nitrosative stress tolerance in bacteria. , 2005, Biochemical Society transactions.

[173]  W. Pearson,et al.  Nomenclature for mammalian soluble glutathione transferases. , 2005, Methods in enzymology.

[174]  G. Ansari,et al.  Regulation of 4-hydroxynonenal mediated signaling by glutathione S-transferases. , 2005, Methods in enzymology.

[175]  D. Townsend,et al.  Glutathione S-transferases as regulators of kinase pathways and anticancer drug targets. , 2005, Methods in enzymology.

[176]  A. Cederbaum,et al.  Diallyl sulfide induces heme oxygenase-1 through MAPK pathway. , 2004, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[177]  A. Kong,et al.  Induction of detoxifying enzymes by garlic organosulfur compounds through transcription factor Nrf2: effect of chemical structure and stress signals. , 2004, Free radical biology & medicine.

[178]  E. R. Taylor,et al.  Glutaredoxin 2 Catalyzes the Reversible Oxidation and Glutathionylation of Mitochondrial Membrane Thiol Proteins , 2004, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[179]  V. Niketić,et al.  Iron catalyzed conversion of NO into nitrosonium (NO+) and nitroxyl (HNO/NO-) species. , 2004, Nitric oxide : biology and chemistry.

[180]  C. Spada,et al.  Effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine on lymphocyte apoptosis, lymphocyte viability, TNF-alpha and IL-8 in HIV-infected patients undergoing anti-retroviral treatment. , 2004, The Brazilian journal of infectious diseases : an official publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases.

[181]  Y. Awasthi,et al.  Regulation of 4-hydroxynonenal-mediated signaling by glutathione S-transferases. , 2004, Free radical biology & medicine.

[182]  Vincent Zoete,et al.  Redox ranking of inducers of a cancer-protective enzyme via the energy of their highest occupied molecular orbital. , 2004, Free radical biology & medicine.

[183]  A. I. Rojo,et al.  Regulation of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression through the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Pathway and the Nrf2 Transcription Factor in Response to the Antioxidant Phytochemical Carnosol* , 2004, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[184]  A. Ramachandran,et al.  Mechanisms of signal transduction mediated by oxidized lipids: the role of the electrophile-responsive proteome. , 2004, Biochemical Society transactions.

[185]  V. Lushchak Oxidative Stress and Mechanisms of Protection Against It in Bacteria , 2001, Biochemistry (Moscow).

[186]  István Pócsi,et al.  Glutathione, altruistic metabolite in fungi. , 2004, Advances in microbial physiology.

[187]  H. Birnboim,et al.  The role of a formaldehyde dehydrogenase-glutathione pathway in protein S-nitrosation in mammalian cells. , 2003, Nitric oxide : biology and chemistry.

[188]  M. Toledano,et al.  ATP-dependent reduction of cysteine–sulphinic acid by S. cerevisiae sulphiredoxin , 2003, Nature.

[189]  N. Kaplowitz,et al.  Sensitivity of the 2‐oxoglutarate carrier to alcohol intake contributes to mitochondrial glutathione depletion , 2003, Hepatology.

[190]  X. Parés,et al.  Enhanced Formaldehyde Detoxification by Overexpression of Glutathione-Dependent Formaldehyde Dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis1 , 2003, Plant Physiology.

[191]  E. Bertini,et al.  Analysis of glutathione: implication in redox and detoxification. , 2003, Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry.

[192]  D. Townsend,et al.  The importance of glutathione in human disease. , 2003, Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie.

[193]  M. Chopp,et al.  Photodynamic therapy with photofrin in combination with Buthionine Sulfoximine (BSO) of human glioma in the nude rat , 2003, Lasers in Medical Science.

[194]  Y. Awasthi,et al.  Lipid peroxidation and cell cycle signaling: 4-hydroxynonenal, a key molecule in stress mediated signaling. , 2003, Acta biochimica Polonica.

[195]  L. Matherly,et al.  Protection of NRK-52E Cells, a Rat Renal Proximal Tubular Cell Line, from Chemical-Induced Apoptosis by Overexpression of a Mitochondrial Glutathione Transporter , 2002, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.

[196]  K. Sipos,et al.  Maturation of Cytosolic Iron-Sulfur Proteins Requires Glutathione* , 2002, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[197]  Y. Awasthi,et al.  Role of α Class Glutathione S-Transferases as Antioxidant Enzymes in Rodent Tissues , 2002 .

[198]  P. Ghezzi,et al.  Identification by redox proteomics of glutathionylated proteins in oxidatively stressed human T lymphocytes , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[199]  M. Hori,et al.  The antioxidant N-2-mercaptopropionyl glycine attenuates left ventricular hypertrophy in in vivo murine pressure-overload model. , 2002, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[200]  Dean P. Jones Redox potential of GSH/GSSG couple: assay and biological significance. , 2002, Methods in enzymology.

[201]  Shivendra V. Singh,et al.  Accelerated Metabolism and Exclusion of 4-Hydroxynonenal through Induction of RLIP76 and hGST5.8 Is an Early Adaptive Response of Cells to Heat and Oxidative Stress* , 2001, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[202]  R. Yu,et al.  Signal transduction events elicited by cancer prevention compounds. , 2001, Mutation research.

[203]  A. Mitsumoto,et al.  Inhibitory effects of S-nitrosoglutathione on cell proliferation and DNA synthesis: possible role of glyoxalase I inactivation. , 2001, Chemico-biological interactions.

[204]  D. Steverding Nitrosative stress: protection by glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase , 2001, Redox report : communications in free radical research.

[205]  S. Tsuboi,et al.  Mechanism of protection by S-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)glutathione triester against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rat hepatocytes. , 2001, Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin.

[206]  A. Ponces Freire,et al.  In situ analysis of methylglyoxal metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , 2001, FEBS letters.

[207]  M. Gunaratnam,et al.  The role of glutathione reductase in the cytotoxicity of chromium (VI) in isolated rat hepatocytes. , 2001, Chemico-biological interactions.

[208]  M. Zeng,et al.  A metabolic enzyme for S-nitrosothiol conserved from bacteria to humans , 2001, Nature.

[209]  J. Labarre,et al.  A Genetic Investigation of the Essential Role of Glutathione , 2001, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[210]  B Demple,et al.  Redox-operated genetic switches: the SoxR and OxyR transcription factors. , 2001, Trends in biotechnology.

[211]  Y. Awasthi,et al.  Role of Glutathione S-Transferases in Protection against Lipid Peroxidation OVEREXPRESSION OF hGSTA2-2 IN K562 CELLS PROTECTS AGAINST HYDROGEN PEROXIDE-INDUCED APOPTOSIS AND INHIBITS JNK AND CASPASE 3 ACTIVATION* , 2001 .

[212]  W. Bottje,et al.  Hepatic and extra-hepatic stimulation of glutathione release into plasma by norepinephrine in vivo. , 2000, Poultry science.

[213]  C. Fernandes,et al.  Mitochondrial glutathione and oxidative stress: implications for pulmonary oxygen toxicity in premature infants. , 2000, Molecular genetics and metabolism.

[214]  W. MacNee,et al.  Oxidative stress and regulation of glutathione in lung inflammation. , 2000, The European respiratory journal.

[215]  Y. Awasthi,et al.  Novel function of human RLIP76: ATP-dependent transport of glutathione conjugates and doxorubicin. , 2000, Biochemistry.

[216]  J B Schulz,et al.  Glutathione, oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. , 2000, European journal of biochemistry.

[217]  M. Kalapos,et al.  Methylglyoxal in living organisms: chemistry, biochemistry, toxicology and biological implications. , 1999, Toxicology letters.

[218]  H. Sies,et al.  Glutathione and its role in cellular functions. , 1999, Free radical biology & medicine.

[219]  P. B. Chock,et al.  Regulation of PTP1B via glutathionylation of the active site cysteine 215. , 1999, Biochemistry.

[220]  G. Bauw,et al.  Maize glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase: protein sequence and catalytic properties , 1999, Planta.

[221]  F. Corrales,et al.  Selective glutathione depletion of mitochondria by ethanol sensitizes hepatocytes to tumor necrosis factor. , 1998, Gastroenterology.

[222]  E. Roeb,et al.  Glutathione status in liver and plasma during development of biliary cirrhosis after bile duct ligation , 1998, Research in experimental medicine. Zeitschrift fur die gesamte experimentelle Medizin einschliesslich experimenteller Chirurgie.

[223]  N. Ballatori,et al.  Endogenous glutathione conjugates: occurrence and biological functions. , 1998, Pharmacological reviews.

[224]  Shelly C. Lu,et al.  Expression of Bcl-2 increases intracellular glutathione by inhibiting methionine-dependent GSH efflux. , 1998, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[225]  C. Marsden,et al.  Mitochondrial function, GSH and iron in neurodegeneration and Lewy body diseases , 1998, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[226]  W. Stahl,et al.  Lycopene: Antioxidant and Biological Effects and its Bioavailability in the Human , 1998, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.

[227]  Jae-Bong Park,et al.  Purification and cloning of glyoxalase II from rat liver , 1998, Experimental & Molecular Medicine.

[228]  M. Anderson,et al.  Glutathione Therapy: From Prodrugs to Genes , 1998, Seminars in liver disease.

[229]  W. Stahl,et al.  Lycopene is more bioavailable from tomato paste than from fresh tomatoes. , 1997, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[230]  A. Vanin,et al.  Iron catalyzes both decomposition and synthesis of S-nitrosothiols: optical and electron paramagnetic resonance studies. , 1997, Nitric oxide : biology and chemistry.

[231]  H. Sies,et al.  Oxidative stress: oxidants and antioxidants , 1997, Experimental physiology.

[232]  B. Kalyanaraman,et al.  Detection of thiyl radical adducts formed during hydroxyl radical- and peroxynitrite-mediated oxidation of thiols--a high resolution ESR spin-trapping study at Q-band (35 GHz). , 1996, Analytical biochemistry.

[233]  E. Lissi,et al.  Thiol-induced hemoglobin oxidation. , 1996, Redox report : communications in free radical research.

[234]  P. Jenner,et al.  Oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. , 1996, Pathologie-biologie.

[235]  H. Nau,et al.  Stereoselective distribution of the teratogenic thalidomide analogue EM12 in the early embryo of marmoset monkey, Wistar rat and NMRI mouse , 1996, Archives of Toxicology.

[236]  C. Harris,et al.  Diamide-induced alterations of intracellular thiol status and the regulation of glucose metabolism in the developing rat conceptus in vitro. , 1995, Teratology.

[237]  A. Meister,et al.  Mitochondrial changes associated with glutathione deficiency. , 1995, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[238]  H. Schlüter,et al.  Coenzyme A glutathione disulfide. A potent vasoconstrictor derived from the adrenal gland. , 1995, Circulation research.

[239]  F. Palmieri Mitochondrial carrier proteins , 1994, FEBS letters.

[240]  M. Ookhtens,et al.  Changes in plasma glutathione concentrations, turnover, and disposal in developing rats. , 1994, The American journal of physiology.

[241]  M. Anderson,et al.  Transport of glutathione diethyl ester into human cells. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[242]  W. Stahl,et al.  Uptake of lycopene and its geometrical isomers is greater from heat-processed than from unprocessed tomato juice in humans. , 1992, The Journal of nutrition.

[243]  S. Krähenbühl,et al.  Stereological and functional analysis of liver mitochondria from rats with secondary biliary cirrhosis: Impaired mitochondrial metabolism and increased mitochondrial content per hepatocyte , 1992, Hepatology.

[244]  M. Brouwer,et al.  Glutathione-mediated transfer of copper(I) into American lobster apohemocyanin. , 1992, Biochemistry.

[245]  N. Kaplowitz,et al.  Glutathione metabolism and its role in hepatotoxicity. , 1991, Pharmacology & therapeutics.

[246]  James A Thomas,et al.  Identification of an abundant S-thiolated rat liver protein as carbonic anhydrase III; characterization of S-thiolation and dethiolation reactions☆ , 1991 .

[247]  B. Demple,et al.  Regulation of bacterial oxidative stress genes. , 1991, Annual review of genetics.

[248]  A. Desideri,et al.  Reconstitution of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase by the Cu(I).glutathione complex. , 1990, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[249]  J. A. Thomas,et al.  Identification of an abundant S-thiolated rat liver protein as carbonic anhydrase III; characterization of S-thiolation and dethiolation reactions. , 1990, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[250]  K. Suzuki,et al.  Binding of copper to albumin and participation of cysteine in vivo and in vitro. , 1989, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics.

[251]  R. Kramer,et al.  The effect of glutathione (GSH) depletion in vivo by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) on the radiosensitization of SR 2508. , 1989, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[252]  M. Ciriolo,et al.  The role of glutathione in copper metabolism and toxicity. , 1989, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[253]  K. Rokutan,et al.  Specific S-thiolation of a 30-kDa cytosolic protein from rat liver under oxidative stress. , 1989, European journal of biochemistry.

[254]  D. Bigner,et al.  Enhanced melphalan cytotoxicity following buthionine sulfoximine-mediated glutathione depletion in a human medulloblastoma xenograft in athymic mice. , 1988, Cancer research.

[255]  W. S. Thayer Effects of Ethanol on Proteins of Mitochondrial Membranes a , 1987, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[256]  H. Gilbert,et al.  Thiol/disulfide redox equilibrium and kinetic behavior of chicken liver fatty acid synthase. , 1986, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[257]  A. Caccuri,et al.  Selenium independent glutathione peroxidase activity associated with cationic forms of glutathione transferase in human heart. , 1986, Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology.

[258]  K. Watanabe,et al.  Metabolism of 2-oxoaldehydes in yeasts. Possible role of glycolytic bypath as a detoxification system in L-threonine catabolism by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. , 1986, European Journal of Biochemistry.

[259]  Kunihiko Watanabe,et al.  Metabolism of 2-oxoaldehydes in yeasts , 1985 .

[260]  D. Robertson,et al.  The effect of temperature and chronic ethanol feeding on the proton electrochemical potential and phosphate potential in rat liver mitochondria. , 1985, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[261]  B. Halliwell,et al.  Free radicals in biology and medicine , 1985 .

[262]  W. Caughey,et al.  PROOXIDANT EFFECTS OF GLUTATHIONE IN AEROBIC HEMOGLOBIN SOLUTIONS. SUPEROXIDE GENERATION FROM UNCOORDINATED DIOXYGEN , 1985 .

[263]  H. Sies,et al.  1 – Oxidative Stress: Introductory Remarks , 1985 .

[264]  Jerry R. Mitchell,et al.  Hepatic Glutathione Homeostasis in the Rat: Efflux Accounts for Glutathione Turnover , 1984, Hepatology.

[265]  A. Sagone,et al.  Mechanisms for the oxidation of reduced gluthathione by stimulated granulocytes. , 1984, Blood.

[266]  Jerry R. Mitchell,et al.  Plasma glutathione and glutathione disulfide in the rat: regulation and response to oxidative stress. , 1983, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[267]  H. Sies,et al.  Identification and quantitation of glutathione in hepatic protein mixed disulfides and its relationship to glutathione disulfide. , 1983, Biochemical pharmacology.

[268]  M. Penninckx,et al.  The glutathione-dependent glyoxalase pathway in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. , 1983, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[269]  H. Krebs,et al.  The effect of cysteine oxidation on isolated hepatocytes. , 1983, The Biochemical journal.

[270]  D. Crane,et al.  Rise of coenzyme A-glutathione mixed disulfide during hydroperoxide metabolism in perfused rat liver. , 2005, European journal of biochemistry.

[271]  O. Griffith Mechanism of action, metabolism, and toxicity of buthionine sulfoximine and its higher homologs, potent inhibitors of glutathione synthesis. , 1982, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[272]  H. Gilbert Biological disulfides: the third messenger? Modulation of phosphofructokinase activity by thiol/disulfide exchange. , 1982, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[273]  A. Cerami,et al.  Inhibition of glutathione synthesis as a chemotherapeutic strategy for trypanosomiasis , 1981, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[274]  H. Sies,et al.  Assay of glutathione, glutathione disulfide, and glutathione mixed disulfides in biological samples. , 1981, Methods in enzymology.

[275]  Arthur J. L. Cooper,et al.  Glutathione and Ascorbate During Ischemia and Postischemic Reperfusion in Rat Brain , 1980, Journal of neurochemistry.

[276]  A. Meister,et al.  Glutathione: interorgan translocation, turnover, and metabolism. , 1979, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[277]  A. Meister,et al.  Potent and specific inhibition of glutathione synthesis by buthionine sulfoximine (S-n-butyl homocysteine sulfoximine). , 1979, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[278]  Denham Harman,et al.  The Biologic Clock: The Mitochondria? , 1972, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[279]  B. Horecker,et al.  Activation of rabbit liver fructose diphosphatase by coenzyme A and acyl carrier protein. , 1969, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[280]  Ondarza Rn Inhibition of GSSG reductase by a mixed disulfide complex of CoASSG. , 1967 .

[281]  R. Ondarza Inhibition of GSSG reductase by a mixed disulfide complex of CoASSG. , 1967, National Cancer Institute monograph.

[282]  S. Colowick,et al.  Methods in Enzymology , Vol , 1966 .

[283]  Ted M. Lakowski,et al.  Analytical Biochemistry , 1960, Nature.

[284]  D. Harman Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. , 1956, Journal of gerontology.