Students' Difficulties in Calculus Plenary presentation in Working Group 3, ICME, Québec, August 1992

1. informal calculus – informal ideas of rate of change and the rules of differentiation with integration as the inverse process, with calculating areas, volumes etc. as applications of integration to 2. formal analysis – formal ideas of completeness , ε–δ definitions of limits, continuity, differentiation, Riemann integration, and formal deductions of theorems such as mean-value theorem, the fundamental theorem of calculus etc.,

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