Physiological roles and properties of potassium channels in arterial smooth muscle.

This review examines the properties and roles of the four types of K+ channels that have been identified in the cell membrane of arterial smooth muscle cells. 1) Voltage-dependent K+ (KV) channels increase their activity with membrane depolarization and are important regulators of smooth muscle membrane potential in response to depolarizing stimuli. 2) Ca(2+)-activated K+ (KCa) channels respond to changes in intracellular Ca2+ to regulate membrane potential and play an important role in the control of myogenic tone in small arteries. 3) Inward rectifier K+ (KIR) channels regulate membrane potential in smooth muscle cells from several types of resistance arteries and may be responsible for external K(+)-induced dilations. 4) ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels respond to changes in cellular metabolism and are targets of a variety of vasodilating stimuli. The main conclusions of this review are: 1) regulation of arterial smooth muscle membrane potential through activation or inhibition of K+ channel activity provides an important mechanism to dilate or constrict arteries; 2) KV, KCa, KIR, and KATP channels serve unique functions in the regulation of arterial smooth muscle membrane potential; and 3) K+ channels integrate a variety of vasoactive signals to dilate or constrict arteries through regulation of the membrane potential in arterial smooth muscle.

[1]  N. Standen,et al.  Noradrenaline contracts arteries by activating voltage-dependent calcium channels , 1988, Nature.

[2]  K. S. Lee,et al.  Outward Potassium Currents in Freshly Isolated Smooth Muscle Cell of Dog Coronary Arteries , 1989, Circulation research.

[3]  T. Ishikawa,et al.  Intracellular divalent cations block smooth muscle K+ channels. , 1993, Circulation research.

[4]  W. Kuschinsky,et al.  Perivascular Potassium and pH as Determinants of Local Pial Arterial Diameter in Cats: A MICROAPPLICATION STUDY , 1972, Circulation research.

[5]  J. Hume,et al.  Ionic currents in single smooth muscle cells of the canine renal artery. , 1992, Circulation research.

[6]  C. Dawson,et al.  Hypoxic induction of Ca2+-dependent action potentials in small pulmonary arteries of the cat. , 1985, Journal of applied physiology.

[7]  L. Clapp,et al.  ATP-sensitive K+ channels regulate resting potential of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. , 1992, The American journal of physiology.

[8]  F. Ashcroft,et al.  Properties and functions of ATP-sensitive K-channels. , 1990, Cellular signalling.

[9]  M. Nelson,et al.  Single calcium channels in resistance-sized cerebral arteries from rats. , 1993, The American journal of physiology.

[10]  Y. Nakaya,et al.  Endothelin blocks ATP-sensitive K+ channels and depolarizes smooth muscle cells of porcine coronary artery. , 1992, Japanese journal of pharmacology.

[11]  J. Adams,et al.  hypotension: Implications for the involvement of nitric oxide , 2022 .

[12]  N. Aiyar,et al.  Effect of endotoxicosis on plasma and tissue levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide. , 1992, Circulatory shock.

[13]  G. Somjen Extracellular potassium in the mammalian central nervous system. , 1979, Annual review of physiology.

[14]  M. Kamouchi,et al.  Regulation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels by ATP and nucleotide diphosphate in rabbit portal vein. , 1994, The American journal of physiology.

[15]  P. Holzer Peptidergic sensory neurons in the control of vascular functions: mechanisms and significance in the cutaneous and splanchnic vascular beds. , 1992, Reviews of physiology, biochemistry and pharmacology.

[16]  A. W. Jones,et al.  4-morpholinecarboximidine-N-1-adamantyl-N'-cyclohexylhydrochloride (U-37883A): pharmacological characterization of a novel antagonist of vascular ATP-sensitive K+ channel openers. , 1993, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[17]  M. Kotlikoff,et al.  Delayed rectifier potassium channels in canine and porcine airway smooth muscle cells. , 1992, The Journal of physiology.

[18]  R. Ordway,et al.  Both membrane stretch and fatty acids directly activate large conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ channels in vascular smooth muscle cells , 1992, FEBS letters.

[19]  G. Edwards,et al.  Characterization of potassium currents modulated by BRL 38227 in rat portal vein , 1992, British journal of pharmacology.

[20]  T. Bolton,et al.  A voltage‐dependent outward current with fast kinetics in single smooth muscle cells isolated from rabbit portal vein. , 1989, The Journal of physiology.

[21]  N. Standen,et al.  Activation of ATP‐dependent K+ channels by hypoxia in smooth muscle cells isolated from the pig coronary artery. , 1995, The Journal of physiology.

[22]  K. Sanders,et al.  Muscarinic suppression of Ca2+-dependent K current in colonic smooth muscle. , 1989, The American journal of physiology.

[23]  F. Edwards,et al.  Inward rectification in rat cerebral arterioles; involvement of potassium ions in autoregulation. , 1988, The Journal of physiology.

[24]  T. Jones,et al.  Selective inhibition of relaxation of guinea-pig trachea by charybdotoxin, a potent Ca(++)-activated K+ channel inhibitor. , 1990, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[25]  J. Mccullough,et al.  Modulation of rabbit aortic Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels by pinacidil, cromakalim, and glibenclamide. , 1993, The American journal of physiology.

[26]  R. Kovacs,et al.  ATP-sensitive K+ channels from aortic smooth muscle incorporated into planar lipid bilayers. , 1991, The American journal of physiology.

[27]  R. Stein,et al.  Glyburide blocks the relaxation response to BRL 34915 (cromakalim), minoxidil sulfate and diazoxide in vascular smooth muscle. , 1989, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[28]  N. Standen,et al.  Hyperpolarizing vasodilators activate ATP-sensitive K+ channels in arterial smooth muscle. , 1989, Science.

[29]  H. Kuriyama,et al.  Guanosine diphosphate activates an adenosine 5'‐triphosphate‐sensitive K+ channel in the rabbit portal vein. , 1991, The Journal of physiology.

[30]  A. Takeshita,et al.  Glibenclamide prevents coronary vasodilation induced by beta 1-adrenoceptor stimulation in dogs. , 1994, The American journal of physiology.

[31]  B. Duling,et al.  Methods for isolation, cannulation, and in vitro study of single microvessels. , 1981, The American journal of physiology.

[32]  S. Roberds,et al.  Molecular Biology of the Voltage‐Gated Potassium Channels of the Cardiovascular System , 1993, Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology.

[33]  W. Bayliss On the local reactions of the arterial wall to changes of internal pressure , 1902, The Journal of physiology.

[34]  T. Bolton,et al.  Properties of the cromakalim‐induced potassium conductance in smooth muscle cells isolated from the rabbit portal vein , 1989, British journal of pharmacology.

[35]  M. Ashford,et al.  Cloning and functional expression of a rat heart KATP channel , 1994, Nature.

[36]  J. Marshall,et al.  A link between adenosine, ATP‐sensitive K+ channels, potassium and muscle vasodilatation in the rat in systemic hypoxia. , 1993, The Journal of physiology.

[37]  E. Shibata,et al.  A voltage‐dependent potassium current in rabbit coronary artery smooth muscle cells. , 1991, The Journal of physiology.

[38]  S. Smirnov,et al.  Effects of BRL 38227 on potassium currents in smooth muscle cells isolated from rabbit portal vein and human mesenteric artery , 1992, British journal of pharmacology.

[39]  H. Benveniste,et al.  Calcitonin gene-related peptide mediates hypotension and tachycardia in endotoxic rats. , 1993, The American journal of physiology.

[40]  Syed Jamal Mustafa,et al.  Evidence for adenosine receptor-mediated hyperpolarization in coronary smooth muscle. , 1989, The American journal of physiology.

[41]  D. Eckman,et al.  Comparison of the actions of acetylcholine and BRL 38227 in the guinea‐pig coronary artery , 1992, British journal of pharmacology.

[42]  A. Gurney,et al.  Outward currents in rabbit pulmonary artery cells dissociated with a new technique , 1991, Experimental physiology.

[43]  Y. Nakaya,et al.  Angiotensin II blocks ATP-sensitive K+ channels in porcine coronary artery smooth muscle cells. , 1991, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[44]  E. Stefani,et al.  ANG II inhibits calcium-activated potassium channels from coronary smooth muscle in lipid bilayers. , 1990, The American journal of physiology.

[45]  G. Mcpherson,et al.  The resistance of some rat cerebral arteries to the vasorelaxant effect of cromakalim and other K+ channel openers , 1992, British journal of pharmacology.

[46]  K. Sanders,et al.  Cloning and characterization of a Kv1.5 delayed rectifier K+ channel from vascular and visceral smooth muscles. , 1994, The American journal of physiology.

[47]  D. Rodman,et al.  Effects of K+ channel blockers on vascular tone in the perfused rat lung. , 1991, The American review of respiratory disease.

[48]  石原 圭子 The Mg[2+] block and intrinsic gating underlying inward rectification of the K[+] current in guinea-pig cardiac myocytes , 1990 .

[49]  E. Newman High potassium conductance in astrocyte endfeet. , 1986, Science.

[50]  H. Lippton,et al.  Pulmonary vasodilation to endothelin isopeptides in vivo is mediated by potassium channel activation. , 1991, Journal of applied physiology.

[51]  Y. Nakaya,et al.  Atrial natriuretic factor and isosorbide dinitrate modulate the gating of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. , 1994, Circulation research.

[52]  N. Standen,et al.  Block of calcium-activated potassium channels in mammalian arterial myocytes by tetraethylammonium ions. , 1991, The American journal of physiology.

[53]  N. Standen,et al.  The voltage‐dependent block of ATP‐sensitive potassium channels of frog skeletal muscle by caesium and barium ions. , 1988, The Journal of physiology.

[54]  R. Webb,et al.  Decreased ATP sensitivity of a K+ channel and enhanced vascular smooth muscle relaxation in genetically hypertensive rats , 1993, Journal of hypertension.

[55]  D. Harder Pressure‐Dependent Membrane Depolarization in Cat Middle Cerebral Artery , 1984, Circulation research.

[56]  J. Brayden Hyperpolarization and relaxation of resistance arteries in response to adenosine diphosphate. Distribution and mechanism of action. , 1991, Circulation research.

[57]  D. Hanley,et al.  Extracellular potassium activity and cerebral blood flow during moderate hypoglycemia in anesthetized dogs. , 1993, The American journal of physiology.

[58]  B. E. Robertson,et al.  cGMP-dependent protein kinase activates Ca-activated K channels in cerebral artery smooth muscle cells. , 1993, The American journal of physiology.

[59]  L. Pardo,et al.  Extracellular K+ specifically modulates a rat brain K+ channel. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[60]  W. Mathews,et al.  Role of calcium-activated K+ channels in vasodilation induced by nitroglycerine, acetylcholine and nitric oxide. , 1993, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[61]  T. Neild,et al.  Measurements of the membrane potential of arterial smooth muscle in anesthetized animals and its relationship to changes in artery diameter. , 1985, Microvascular research.

[62]  M. Blaustein,et al.  Ionic currents in rat pulmonary and mesenteric arterial myocytes in primary culture and subculture. , 1993, The American journal of physiology.

[63]  N. Atkinson,et al.  A component of calcium-activated potassium channels encoded by the Drosophila slo locus. , 1991, Science.

[64]  R. Busse,et al.  Prostacyclin-induced vasodilation in rabbit heart is mediated by ATP-sensitive potassium channels. , 1993, The American journal of physiology.

[65]  O. Pongs Structural basis of voltage-gated K+ channel pharmacology. , 1992, TIPS - Trends in Pharmacological Sciences.

[66]  T. Takishima,et al.  Microvascular sites and mechanisms responsible for reactive hyperemia in the coronary circulation of the beating canine heart. , 1992, Circulation research.

[67]  R. Berne The role of adenosine in the regulation of coronary blood flow. , 1980, Circulation research.

[68]  H. Zhang,et al.  Single channel and whole‐cell K‐currents evoked by levcromakalim in smooth muscle cells from the rabbit portal vein , 1993, British journal of pharmacology.

[69]  M. Nelson Ca(2+)-activated potassium channels and ATP-sensitive potassium channels as modulators of vascular tone. , 1993, Trends in cardiovascular medicine.

[70]  M. Blaustein,et al.  Hypoxia reduces potassium currents in cultured rat pulmonary but not mesenteric arterial myocytes. , 1993, The American journal of physiology.

[71]  N. Leblanc,et al.  Physiological role of Ca(2+)-activated and voltage-dependent K+ currents in rabbit coronary myocytes. , 1994, The American journal of physiology.

[72]  G. Grover,et al.  The cardioprotective, vasorelaxant and electrophysiological profile of the large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel opener NS-004. , 1993, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[73]  D. Landry,et al.  The ATP-sensitive K+ channel mediates hypotension in endotoxemia and hypoxic lactic acidosis in dog. , 1992, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[74]  J B Patlak,et al.  Calcium channels, potassium channels, and voltage dependence of arterial smooth muscle tone. , 1990, The American journal of physiology.

[75]  F. Edwards,et al.  Sympathetic neuroeffector transmission in arteries and arterioles. , 1989, Physiological reviews.

[76]  A. Noma,et al.  ATP-regulated K+ channels in cardiac muscle , 1983, Nature.

[77]  A. Takeshita,et al.  Glibenclamide decreases basal coronary blood flow in anesthetized dogs. , 1992, The American journal of physiology.

[78]  O B Paulson,et al.  Does the release of potassium from astrocyte endfeet regulate cerebral blood flow? , 1987, Science.

[79]  J. Brayden Membrane hyperpolarization is a mechanism of endothelium-dependent cerebral vasodilation. , 1990, The American journal of physiology.

[80]  T. Ishikawa,et al.  Modulation of K+ and Ca2+ channels by histamine H1‐receptor stimulation in rabbit coronary artery cells. , 1993, The Journal of physiology.

[81]  A. Noma,et al.  The Mg2+ block and intrinsic gating underlying inward rectification of the K+ current in guinea‐pig cardiac myocytes. , 1989, The Journal of physiology.

[82]  Shakil Ahmed Khan,et al.  Vascular pharmacology of ATP-sensitive K+ channels: interactions between glyburide and K+ channel openers. , 1993, Journal of vascular research.

[83]  E. Bergofsky,et al.  A Study of the Mechanisms Involved in the Pulmonary Arterial Pressor Response to Hypoxia , 1967, Circulation research.

[84]  T. Kitazono,et al.  ATP-sensitive K+ channels mediate dilatation of cerebral arterioles during hypoxia. , 1994, Circulation research.

[85]  H. Irisawa,et al.  Ohmic conductance through the inwardly rectifying K channel and blocking by internal Mg2+ , 1987, Nature.

[86]  純一 佐渡島 Cyclic AMP modulates Ca-activated K channel in cultured smooth muscle cells of rat aortas , 1990 .

[87]  C. Wiener,et al.  ATP-dependent K+ channels modulate vasoconstrictor responses to severe hypoxia in isolated ferret lungs. , 1991, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[88]  C. Garland,et al.  Differential effects of acetylcholine, nitric oxide and levcromakalim on smooth muscle membrane potential and tone in the rabbit basilar artery , 1993, British journal of pharmacology.

[89]  W. J. Brammar,et al.  The intrinsic gating of inward rectifier K+ channels expressed from the murine IRK1 gene depends on voltage, K+ and Mg2+. , 1994, The Journal of physiology.

[90]  A. Bonev,et al.  ATP-sensitive potassium channels in smooth muscle cells from guinea pig urinary bladder. , 1993, The American journal of physiology.

[91]  R. Cohen,et al.  Nitric oxide directly activates calcium-dependent potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle , 1994, Nature.

[92]  S. Archer,et al.  Direct role for potassium channel inhibition in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. , 1992, The American journal of physiology.

[93]  G. Isenberg,et al.  Membrane potential modulates inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate‐mediated Ca2+ transients in guinea‐pig coronary myocytes. , 1993, The Journal of physiology.

[94]  A. Bonev,et al.  Protein kinase A mediates activation of ATP-sensitive K+ currents by CGRP in gallbladder smooth muscle. , 1994, The American journal of physiology.

[95]  三好 由貴子 Angiotensin II blocks ATP-sensitive K[+] channels in porcine coronary artery smooth muscle cells , 1992 .

[96]  S. Roberds,et al.  Cloning and tissue-specific expression of five voltage-gated potassium channel cDNAs expressed in rat heart. , 1991, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[97]  K. Dellsperger,et al.  Role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in coronary microvascular autoregulatory responses. , 1991, Circulation research.

[98]  M. Nelson,et al.  Regulation of membrane potential and diameter by voltage-dependent K+ channels in rabbit myogenic cerebral arteries. , 1995, The American journal of physiology.

[99]  T. Itoh,et al.  Membrane hyperpolarization inhibits agonist‐induced synthesis of inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate in rabbit mesenteric artery. , 1992, Japanese journal of pharmacology.

[100]  F. Edwards,et al.  Inward rectification in submucosal arterioles of guinea‐pig ileum. , 1988, The Journal of physiology.

[101]  A. Takai,et al.  Regulation of Ca2+ -dependent K+ -channel activity in tracheal myocytes by phosphorylation , 1989, Nature.

[102]  A. Strano,et al.  Mouse Cytomegalovirus: Isolation from Spleen and Lymph Nodes of Chronically Infected Mice 1 , 1972, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.

[103]  R. Gilbert,et al.  Vascular muscle cell depolarization and activation in renal arteries on elevation of transmural pressure. , 1987, The American journal of physiology.

[104]  A. Bonev,et al.  Muscarinic inhibition of ATP-sensitive K+ channels by protein kinase C in urinary bladder smooth muscle. , 1993, The American journal of physiology.

[105]  M. Nelson,et al.  2-Deoxyglucose-induced vasodilation and hyperpolarization in rat coronary artery are reversed by glibenclamide. , 1994, The American journal of physiology.

[106]  J. Daut,et al.  Hypoxic vasodilatation in isolated, perfused guinea‐pig heart: an analysis of the underlying mechanisms. , 1991, The Journal of physiology.

[107]  C. Garland,et al.  Evidence that nitric oxide does not mediate the hyperpolarization and relaxation to acetylcholine in the rat small mesenteric artery , 1992, British journal of pharmacology.

[108]  T. Kitazono,et al.  Effect of norepinephrine on rat basilar artery in vivo. , 1993, The American journal of physiology.

[109]  K. Magleby,et al.  Calcium-activated potassium channels , 1987, Trends in Neurosciences.

[110]  W. Lederer,et al.  Adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels in the cardiovascular system. , 1991, The American journal of physiology.

[111]  T. Bolton,et al.  Calcium‐activated potassium channels in single smooth muscle cells of rabbit jejunum and guinea‐pig mesenteric artery. , 1986, The Journal of physiology.

[112]  T. Itoh,et al.  Membrane hyperpolarization inhibits agonist-induced synthesis of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in rabbit mesenteric artery. , 1992, The Journal of physiology.

[113]  W. S. Lee,et al.  Pharmacological evidence that calcitonin gene-related peptide is implicated in cerebral autoregulation. , 1994, The American journal of physiology.

[114]  A. Davidson,et al.  Inhibition of Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction by Calcium Antagonists in Isolated Rat Lungs , 1976, Circulation research.

[115]  G. Silverberg,et al.  The action potential and underlying ionic currents in proximal rat middle cerebral arterioles. , 1986, The Journal of physiology.

[116]  B. E. Robertson,et al.  Aminopyridine inhibition and voltage dependence of K+ currents in smooth muscle cells from cerebral arteries. , 1994, The American journal of physiology.

[117]  A. Bonev,et al.  Calcitonin gene‐related peptide activated ATP‐sensitive K+ currents in rabbit arterial smooth muscle via protein kinase A. , 1994, The Journal of physiology.

[118]  M. Nelson,et al.  Inward rectifier K+ currents in smooth muscle cells from rat resistance-sized cerebral arteries. , 1993, The American journal of physiology.

[119]  Y. Jan,et al.  Structural elements involved in specific K+ channel functions. , 1992, Annual review of physiology.

[120]  M. Kotlikoff,et al.  Stimulatory and inhibitory regulation of calcium-activated potassium channels by guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. , 1992, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[121]  N. Standen,et al.  Adenosine‐activated potassium current in smooth muscle cells isolated from the pig coronary artery. , 1993, The Journal of physiology.

[122]  D. Anderson,et al.  The Mechanism of the Vasodilator Action of Potassium 1 , 1972, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.

[123]  E. Shibata,et al.  Single delayed rectifier potassium channels from rabbit coronary artery myocytes. , 1993, The American journal of physiology.

[124]  若槻 哲三 Vasopressin modulates K[+]-channel activities of cultured smooth muscle cells from porcine coronary artery , 1993 .

[125]  M. Nelson,et al.  Cromakalim and pinacidil dilate small mesenteric arteries but not small cerebral arteries. , 1991, The American journal of physiology.

[126]  N. Leblanc,et al.  Macroscopic K+ currents in single smooth muscle cells of the rabbit portal vein. , 1989, The Journal of physiology.

[127]  D. Lamontagne,et al.  Adenosine contributes to hypoxia-induced vasodilation through ATP-sensitive K+ channel activation. , 1993, The American journal of physiology.

[128]  L. Salkoff,et al.  mSlo, a complex mouse gene encoding "maxi" calcium-activated potassium channels. , 1993, Science.

[129]  K Kitamura,et al.  ACTIONS OF 4‐AMINOPYRIDINE ON VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUES OF THE GUINEA‐PIG , 1980, British journal of pharmacology.

[130]  T. Bolton,et al.  Two components of potassium current activated by depolarization of single smooth muscle cells from the rabbit portal vein. , 1989, The Journal of physiology.

[131]  S. Hussain,et al.  Effects of potassium channel blockers on basal vascular tone and reactive hyperemia of canine diaphragm. , 1994, The American journal of physiology.

[132]  C. Iadecola,et al.  Regulation of the cerebral microcirculation during neural activity: is nitric oxide the missing link? , 1993, Trends in Neurosciences.

[133]  T. Kitazono,et al.  Role of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in CGRP-induced dilatation of basilar artery in vivo. , 1993, The American journal of physiology.

[134]  M. Asano,et al.  Charybdotoxin‐sensitive K+ channels regulate the myogenic tone in the resting state of arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats , 1993, British journal of pharmacology.

[135]  Yoshihiro Kubo,et al.  Primary structure and functional expression of a rat G-protein-coupled muscarinic potassium channel , 1993, Nature.

[136]  H. Uusitalo,et al.  Role of endothelium and hyperpolarization in CGRP-induced vasodilation of rabbit ophthalmic artery. , 1992, The American journal of physiology.

[137]  K. Sanders,et al.  Mechanism of cyclic AMP-induced hyperpolarization in canine colon. , 1994, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[138]  D. R. Gross,et al.  Elevations in circulating calcitonin gene-related peptide correlate with hemodynamic deterioration during endotoxic shock in pigs. , 1994, Circulatory shock.

[139]  N. Standen,et al.  Arterial dilations in response to calcitonin gene-related peptide involve activation of K+ channels , 1990, Nature.

[140]  N. Akaike,et al.  Cyclic AMP modulates Ca-activated K channel in cultured smooth muscle cells of rat aortas. , 1988, The American journal of physiology.

[141]  R. Latorre,et al.  Charybdotoxin, a protein inhibitor of single Ca2+-activated K+ channels from mammalian skeletal muscle , 1985, Nature.

[142]  T. Henry,et al.  A redox-based O2 sensor in rat pulmonary vasculature. , 1993, Circulation research.

[143]  L. Toro,et al.  U46619, a thromboxane A2 agonist, inhibits KCa channel activity from pig coronary artery. , 1992, The American journal of physiology.

[144]  R. Loutzenhiser,et al.  Hypoxia inhibits myogenic reactivity of renal afferent arterioles by activating ATP-sensitive K+ channels. , 1994, Circulation research.

[145]  O. McManus,et al.  Mechanism of iberiotoxin block of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel from bovine aortic smooth muscle. , 1992, Biochemistry.

[146]  W. Jackson,et al.  Arteriolar tone is determined by activity of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. , 1993, The American journal of physiology.

[147]  M. Kotlikoff,et al.  Muscarinic inhibition of single KCa channels in smooth muscle cells by a pertussis-sensitive G protein. , 1991, The American journal of physiology.

[148]  H. Zhang,et al.  K channel activation by nucleotide diphosphates and its inhibition by glibenclamide in vascular smooth muscle cells , 1993, British journal of pharmacology.

[149]  S. Smirnov,et al.  Chronic hypoxia is associated with reduced delayed rectifier K+ current in rat pulmonary artery muscle cells. , 1994, The American journal of physiology.

[150]  W. Halpern,et al.  Potassium dilates rat cerebral arteries by two independent mechanisms. , 1990, The American journal of physiology.

[151]  F. Faraci,et al.  Responses of cerebral arterioles in diabetic rats to activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. , 1993, The American journal of physiology.

[152]  R. North,et al.  Calcium-activated potassium channels expressed from cloned complementary DNAs , 1992, Neuron.

[153]  B. Cox,et al.  Demonstration of vasorelaxant activity with an A1-selective adenosine agonist in porcine coronary artery: involvement of potassium channels. , 1992, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[154]  R. Cohen,et al.  Potassium channel-mediated relaxation to acetylcholine in rabbit arteries. , 1993, The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics.

[155]  J. Lorenz,et al.  Intracellular ATP can regulate afferent arteriolar tone via ATP-sensitive K+ channels in the rabbit. , 1992, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[156]  M. Nelson,et al.  Regulation of arterial tone by activation of calcium-dependent potassium channels. , 1992, Science.

[157]  R. Balaban,et al.  ATP-sensitive potassium channel is essential to maintain basal coronary vascular tone in vivo. , 1992, The American journal of physiology.

[158]  S. Smirnov,et al.  Ca(2+)‐activated and voltage‐gated K+ currents in smooth muscle cells isolated from human mesenteric arteries. , 1992, The Journal of physiology.

[159]  Y. Nakaya,et al.  Activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in cultured smooth muscle cells of porcine coronary artery. , 1993, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[160]  A. W. Jones,et al.  Stimulation of arterial 42K efflux by ATP depletion and cromakalim is antagonized by glyburide. , 1991, The American journal of physiology.

[161]  J. Adelman,et al.  Cloning and functional expression of a rat heart KATP channel , 1995, Nature.

[162]  M. Smith,et al.  Coronary reactive hyperemia and adenosine-induced vasodilation are mediated partially by a glyburide-sensitive mechanism. , 1992, Pharmacology.

[163]  Yoshihiro Kubo,et al.  Primary structure and functional expression of a mouse inward rectifier potassium channel , 1993, Nature.

[164]  A. Takeshita,et al.  Glibenclamide, a putative ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocker, inhibits coronary autoregulation in anesthetized dogs. , 1993, Circulation research.

[165]  V. Bérczi,et al.  Pressure‐Induced Activation of Membrane K+ Current in Rat Saphenous Artery , 1992, Hypertension.

[166]  W. Halpern,et al.  Impaired potassium-induced dilation in hypertensive rat cerebral arteries does not reflect altered Na+,K(+)-ATPase dilation. , 1990, Circulation research.

[167]  M. Kotlikoff,et al.  Control of resting membrane potential by delayed rectifier potassium currents in ferret airway smooth muscle cells. , 1993, The Journal of physiology.

[168]  A. Brown,et al.  Coupling of ATP-sensitive K+ channels to A1 receptors by G proteins in rat ventricular myocytes. , 1990, The American journal of physiology.

[169]  L. Vaca,et al.  Calcium-activated potassium channels from coronary smooth muscle reconstituted in lipid bilayers. , 1991, The American journal of physiology.

[170]  J. Daut,et al.  Hypoxic dilation of coronary arteries is mediated by ATP-sensitive potassium channels. , 1990, Science.