Life, death, and the pursuit of apoptosis.

Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a genetically controlled response for cells to commit suicide. The symptoms of apoptosis are viability loss accompanied by cytoplasmic boiling, chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation (Wyllie 1980). Pathologists and developmental biologists have cataloged the occurrences of apoptosis for many years based on these defined morphological features, but what has propelled apoptosis into the forefront of basic research has been the identification of genes that control cell death and the appreciation of the role of apoptosis in development and disease. Regulation of cell death is essential for normal development and is an important defense against viral infection and the emergence of cancer. Too much cell death can lead to impaired development and degenerative diseases, whereas too little cell death car/lead to cancer and persistent and sustained viral infection. The process of apoptosis is controlled through the expression of an increasing number of genes conserved in nematodes through mammals and viruses. Some gene products are activators of apoptosis, whereas others are inhibitors and the characterization of the function of these gene products will help to define the process of cell death at the biochemical level.

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