Self-motion impairs multiple-object tracking

Investigations of multiple-object tracking aim to further our understanding of how people perform common activities such as driving in traffic. However, tracking tasks in the laboratory have overlooked a crucial component of much real-world object tracking: self-motion. We investigated the hypothesis that keeping track of one's own movement impairs the ability to keep track of other moving objects. Participants attempted to track multiple targets while either moving around the tracking area or remaining in a fixed location. Participants' tracking performance was impaired when they moved to a new location during tracking, even when they were passively moved and when they did not see a shift in viewpoint. Self-motion impaired multiple-object tracking in both an immersive virtual environment and a real-world analog, but did not interfere with a difficult non-spatial tracking task. These results suggest that people use a common mechanism to track changes both to the location of moving objects around them and to keep track of their own location.

[1]  Mary Hegarty,et al.  Orientation specificity and spatial updating of memories for layouts. , 2002, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[2]  Sarah S. Chance,et al.  Spatial Updating of Self-Position and Orientation During Real, Imagined, and Virtual Locomotion , 1998 .

[3]  R. Wang Between reality and imagination: When is spatial updating automatic? , 2004, Perception & psychophysics.

[4]  Erik Blaser,et al.  Tracking an object through feature space , 2000, Nature.

[5]  P. Cavanagh,et al.  Tracking multiple targets with multifocal attention , 2005, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[6]  Erik Reinhard,et al.  Perceptual evaluation of tone-reproduction operators using the Cornsweet--Craik--O'Brien illusion , 2008, TAP.

[7]  Ranxiao Frances Wang,et al.  Spatial updating in superimposed real and virtual environments , 2009, Attention, perception & psychophysics.

[8]  Betsy Williams Sanders,et al.  Functional similarities in spatial representations between real and virtual environments , 2007, TAP.

[9]  C. Eriksen,et al.  Temporal and spatial characteristics of selective encoding from visual displays , 1972 .

[10]  Markus Huff,et al.  Tracking multiple objects across abrupt viewpoint changes , 2009 .

[11]  L. Yardley,et al.  Spatial updating during rotation: the role of vestibular information and mental activity. , 1998, Journal of vestibular research : equilibrium & orientation.

[12]  George A Alvarez,et al.  How many objects can you track? Evidence for a resource-limited attentive tracking mechanism. , 2007, Journal of vision.

[13]  Timothy P. McNamara,et al.  Updating in Models of Spatial Memory , 2006, Spatial Cognition.

[14]  James T Enns,et al.  Multiple-object tracking is based on scene, not retinal, coordinates. , 2005, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[15]  J. Thomson,et al.  Automatic Spatial Updating during Locomotion without Vision , 1998, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[16]  Joan López-Moliner,et al.  Motion signal and the perceived positions of moving objects. , 2007, Journal of vision.

[17]  R. Marois,et al.  Distinct Capacity Limits for Attention and Working Memory , 2006, Psychological science.

[18]  Tom Troscianko,et al.  Optimal feature integration in visual search. , 2009, Journal of vision.

[19]  N Lavie,et al.  Attentional demands of perception of passive self-motion in darkness , 1999, Neuropsychologia.

[20]  D. Somers,et al.  Effects of target enhancement and distractor suppression on multiple object tracking capacity. , 2009, Journal of vision.

[21]  B. Scholl Objects and attention: the state of the art , 2001, Cognition.

[22]  W. Epstein,et al.  Perception of space and motion , 1995 .

[23]  Z W Pylyshyn,et al.  Tracking multiple independent targets: evidence for a parallel tracking mechanism. , 1988, Spatial vision.

[24]  Adriane E. Seiffert,et al.  Attentional costs in multiple-object tracking , 2008, Cognition.

[25]  Ranxiao Frances Wang,et al.  Spatial updating relies on an egocentric representation of space: Effects of the number of objects , 2006, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[26]  Mark S. Redfern,et al.  Cognitive Requirements for Vestibular and Ocular Motor Processing in Healthy Adults and Patients with Unilateral Vestibular Lesions , 2005, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[27]  Martin J. Farrell,et al.  Mental Rotation and the Automatic Updating of Body-Centered Spatial Relationships , 1998 .

[28]  J. Rieser Access to knowledge of spatial structure at novel points of observation. , 1989, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[29]  Wilfried Brauer,et al.  Spatial Cognition III , 2003, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[30]  Z. Pylyshyn Visual indexes, preconceptual objects, and situated vision , 2001, Cognition.

[31]  A. Seiffert Attentional tracking across display translations , 2010 .

[32]  P Péruch,et al.  Homing in Virtual Environments: Effects of Field of View and Path Layout , 1997, Perception.

[33]  R L Klatzky,et al.  Path integration while ignoring irrelevant movement. , 2000, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[34]  Peter McGeorge,et al.  Multiple-Target Tracking: A Role for Working Memory? , 2006, Quarterly journal of experimental psychology.

[35]  William H. Warren,et al.  Chapter 8 – Self-Motion: Visual Perception and Visual Control , 1995 .

[36]  Jack M. Loomis,et al.  Locomotion Mode Affects the Updating of Objects Encountered During Travel: The Contribution of Vestibular and Proprioceptive Inputs to Path Integration , 1998, Presence.

[37]  M. Jeanne Sholl,et al.  The Role of a Self-Reference System in Spatial Navigation , 2001, COSIT.

[38]  A. Berthoz,et al.  Circular trajectory formation during blind locomotion: a test for path integration and motor memory , 1997, Experimental Brain Research.

[39]  Sarah Nichols,et al.  Health and safety implications of virtual reality: a review of empirical evidence. , 2002, Applied ergonomics.

[40]  P. Cavanagh,et al.  Attentional resolution and the locus of visual awareness , 1996, Nature.