CO-free fuel processing for fuel cell applications

In view of the stringent CO intolerance of the state-of-the-art proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, it is desirable to explore CO-free fuel processing alternatives. In recent years, step-wise reforming of hydrocarbons has been proposed for production of CO-free hydrogen for fuel cell applications. The decomposition of hydrocarbons (first step of the step-wise reforming process) has been extensively investigated. Both steam and air have been employed for catalyst regeneration in the second step of the process. Since, PEM is poisoned by very low (ppm) levels of CO, it is essential to eliminate even trace amounts of CO from the reformate stream. Preferential oxidation of CO (PROX) is considered to be a promising method for trace CO clean up. Related studies along with a discussion of catalytic ammonia decomposition (for applications in alkaline fuel cells) will be included in this review.

[1]  R. M. Lambert,et al.  Mechanism of ammonia decomposition on (100) oriented polycrystalline tungsten and single-crystal W(100) , 1984 .

[2]  Hubert A. Gasteiger,et al.  Kinetics of the Selective CO Oxidation in H2-Rich Gas on Pt/Al2O3☆ , 1997 .

[3]  D. Goodman,et al.  Decomposition of NH3 on Ir(100): A Temperature Programmed Desorption Study , 2002 .

[4]  D. Goodman,et al.  Catalytic ammonia decomposition: COx-free hydrogen production for fuel cell applications , 2001 .

[5]  Bernard Delmon,et al.  Low-Temperature Oxidation of CO over Gold Supported on TiO2, α-Fe2O3, and Co3O4 , 1993 .

[6]  R. Metkemeijer,et al.  Comparison of ammonia and methanol applied indirectly in a hydrogen fuel cell , 1994 .

[7]  D. Goodman,et al.  Methane coupling at low temperatures on Ru(0001) and Ru(11¯20) catalysts , 1994 .

[8]  D. Löffler,et al.  Ammonia decomposition on Ir and Pt wires , 1987 .

[9]  V. Zaikovskii,et al.  Coprecipitated Ni-alumina and NiCu-alumina catalysts of methane decomposition and carbon deposition III. Morphology and surface structure of the carbon filaments , 1996 .

[10]  M. Pehnt.  Life-cycle assessment of fuel cell stacks , 2001 .

[11]  Chen,et al.  High H2 uptake by alkali-doped carbon nanotubes under ambient pressure and moderate temperatures , 1999, Science.

[12]  K. D. de Jong,et al.  Carbon Nanofibers: Catalytic Synthesis and Applications , 2000 .

[13]  A. Steinfeld,et al.  Production of filamentous carbon and hydrogen by solarthermal catalytic cracking of methane , 1997 .

[14]  T. Koerts,et al.  Hydrocarbon formation from methane by a low-temperature two-step reaction sequence , 1992 .

[15]  V. Choudhary,et al.  Selective Oxidation of Methane to CO and H2 over Ni/MgO at Low Temperatures , 1992 .

[16]  R. Sinkevitch,et al.  Carbon Monoxide Removal from Hydrogen-Rich Fuel Cell Feedstreams by Selective Catalytic Oxidation , 1993 .

[17]  M. Watanabe,et al.  Removal of carbon monoxide from hydrogen-rich fuels by selective oxidation over platinum catalyst supported on zeolite , 1997 .

[18]  H. Amariglio,et al.  Conversion of methane into higher hydrocarbons on platinum , 1991, Nature.

[19]  D. Goodman,et al.  The characterization of carbonaceous species from CO hydrogenation on single crystal Ru(0001) and Ru(11¯20) catalysts with high-resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy , 1994 .

[20]  R. Baker,et al.  Catalytic growth of carbon filaments , 1989 .

[21]  V. Zaikovskii,et al.  Nickel catalysts supported on carbon nanofibers: structure and activity in methane decomposition , 1997 .

[22]  H. Wan,et al.  Supported Au catalysts prepared from Au phosphine complexes and As-precipitated metal hydroxides: Characterization and low-temperature CO oxidation , 1997 .

[23]  M. Haruta,et al.  Selective oxidation of CO in hydrogen over gold supported on manganese oxides , 1997 .

[24]  Hans-Conrad zur Loye,et al.  Hydrogen production via the direct cracking of methane over Ni/SiO2: catalyst deactivation and regeneration , 2000 .

[25]  L. Daemen,et al.  Characterization of C(2) (C(x)H(y)) intermediates from adsorption and decomposition of methane on supported metal catalysts by in situ INS vibrational spectroscopy. , 2002, Angewandte Chemie.

[26]  D. W. Goodman,et al.  CO-free production of hydrogen via stepwise steam reforming of methane , 2000 .

[27]  B. E. Nieuwenhuys,et al.  Selective Oxidation of CO, over Supported Au Catalysts , 2001 .

[28]  Hiroaki Sakurai,et al.  Oxidative removal of co contained in hydrogen by using metal oxide catalysts , 1999 .

[29]  Kiyoshi Otsuka,et al.  Catalytic decomposition of light alkanes, alkenes and acetylene over Ni/SiO2 , 2001 .

[30]  A. Datye,et al.  CO Oxidation on Supported Nano-Au Catalysts Synthesized from a [Au6(PPh3)6](BF4)2 Complex , 2002 .

[31]  Andrew G. Glen,et al.  APPL , 2001 .

[32]  A. Guerrero-Ruíz,et al.  Methane interaction with silica and alumina supported metal catalysts , 1997 .

[33]  M. A. Ermakova,et al.  New Nickel Catalysts for the Formation of Filamentous Carbon in the Reaction of Methane Decomposition , 1999 .

[34]  D. Goodman,et al.  Imaging gold clusters on TiO2(110) at elevated pressures and temperatures , 2000 .

[35]  D. Goodman,et al.  Onset of catalytic activity of gold clusters on titania with the appearance of nonmetallic properties , 1998, Science.

[36]  B. D. Kay,et al.  Kinetics of the activated dissociative adsorption of methane on the low index planes of nickel single crystal surfaces , 1987 .

[37]  V. Zaikovskii,et al.  Peculiarities of filamentous carbon formation in methane decomposition on NI-containing catalysts , 1998 .

[38]  Remo Guidieri.  Res , 1995, RES: Anthropology and Aesthetics.

[39]  D. Goodman,et al.  Investigations of Graphitic Overlayers Formed from Methane Decomposition on Ru(0001) and Ru(11.hivin.20) Catalysts with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and High-Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy , 1994 .

[40]  F. R. Foulkes,et al.  Fuel Cell Handbook , 1989 .

[41]  J. Flowers,et al.  The thermal chemistry of ammonia on Ni(110) , 1999 .

[42]  R. Herman,et al.  Dissociative adsorption of methane on Pd(679) surface , 1992 .

[43]  D. Goodman,et al.  Direct conversion of methane to higher hydrocarbons via an oxygen free, low-temperature route , 1994 .

[44]  Yongdan Li,et al.  The Doping Effect of Copper on the Catalytic Growth of Carbon Fibers from Methane over a Ni/Al2O3Catalyst Prepared from Feitknecht Compound Precursor☆ , 1998 .

[45]  R. Metkemeijer,et al.  Ammonia as a feedstock for a hydrogen fuel cell; reformer and fuel cell behaviour , 1994 .

[46]  M. Bradford,et al.  Kinetics of NH3Decomposition over Well Dispersed Ru , 1997 .

[47]  J. Allison,et al.  Gas-phase chemistry of transition-metal ions with alkanes: do initial electrostatic interactions control final product distributions? , 1987 .

[48]  L. Kiwi-Minsker,et al.  Hydrogen production by catalytic cracking of methane over nickel gauze under periodic reactor operation , 2001 .

[49]  D. Löffler.  Kinetics of NH3 decomposition on iron at high temperatures*1 , 1976 .

[50]  N. Rodriguez,et al.  Carbon Nanofibers: A Unique Catalyst Support Medium , 1994 .

[51]  M. Haruta,et al.  The reactivities of dimethylgold(III)β-diketone on the surface of TiO2 : A novel preparation method for Au catalysts , 1997 .

[52]  S. Banerjee,et al.  Continuous Production of H2 at Low Temperature from Methane Decomposition over Ni-Containing Catalyst Followed by Gasification by Steam of the Carbon on the Catalyst in Two Parallel Reactors Operated in Cyclic Manner , 2001 .

[53]  M. Kim,et al.  The role of interfacial phenomena in the structure of carbon deposits , 1992 .

[54]  G. G. Stokes.  "J." , 1890, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[55]  H. Gasteiger,et al.  Surface Formates as Side Products in the Selective CO Oxidation on Pt/γ-Al2O3 , 1997 .

[56]  Masatake Haruta,et al.  Gold catalysts prepared by coprecipitation for low-temperature oxidation of hydrogen and of carbon monoxide , 1989 .

[57]  Tiejun Zhang,et al.  Hydrogen production via the direct cracking of methane over silica-supported nickel catalysts , 1998 .

[58]  D. Löffler,et al.  Kinetics of ammonia decomposition on polycrystalline tungsten , 1983 .

[59]  M. Haruta,et al.  Chemical vapor deposition of gold on Al2O3, SiO2, and TiO2 for the oxidation of CO and of H2 , 1998 .

[60]  D. Szmigiel,et al.  Decomposition of ammonia over potassium promoted ruthenium catalyst supported on carbon , 2001 .

[61]  M. Muhler,et al.  Effect of Potassium on the Kinetics of Ammonia Synthesis and Decomposition over Fused Iron Catalyst at Atmospheric Pressure , 1997 .

[62]  D. W. Goodman,et al.  Stepwise methane steam reforming: a route to CO-free hydrogen , 1999 .

[63]  D. Goodman,et al.  Oxidation Catalysis by Supported Gold Nano-Clusters , 2002 .

[64]  H. Gasteiger,et al.  Kinetics of the Selective Low-Temperature Oxidation of CO in H2-Rich Gas over Au/α-Fe2O3 , 1999 .

[65]  John Meurig Thomas.  Principles and practice of heterogeneous catalysis , 1996 .

[66]  S. Takenaka,et al.  Decomposition and regeneration of methane in the absence and the presence of a hydrogen-absorbing alloy CaNi5 , 2000 .

[67]  Yongdan Li,et al.  Simultaneous Production of Hydrogen and Nanocarbon from Decomposition of Methane on a Nickel-Based Catalyst , 2000 .

[68]  N. Muradov.  CO2-Free Production of Hydrogen by Catalytic Pyrolysis of Hydrocarbon Fuel , 1998 .

[69]  D. Goodman,et al.  Catalytic Decomposition of Methane: Towards Production of CO-free Hydrogen for Fuel Cells , 2001 .

[70]  R. Baker,et al.  Filamentous carbon growth on nickel-iron surfaces the effect of various oxide additives , 1980 .