Blue organic light-emitting diodes: current status, challenges, and future outlook

Emission mechanisms for OLEDs and their characteristics.

[1]  Hee-Jun Park,et al.  Dihedral Angle Control of Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Emitters through Donor Substitution Position for Efficient Reverse Intersystem Crossing. , 2018, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[2]  S. Forrest,et al.  VERY HIGH-EFFICIENCY GREEN ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICES BASED ON ELECTROPHOSPHORESCENCE , 1999 .

[3]  Ken‐Tsung Wong,et al.  Incorporation of a CN group into mCP: a new bipolar host material for highly efficient blue and white electrophosphorescent devices , 2012 .

[4]  Red to near-infrared organometallic phosphorescent dyes for OLED applications , 2014 .

[5]  Jun Yeob Lee,et al.  Functionalized phenylimidazole-based facial-homoleptic iridium(III) complexes and their excellent performance in blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes , 2018 .

[6]  Hao‐Wu Lin,et al.  Molecular Design of Highly Efficient Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Hosts for Blue Phosphorescent and Fluorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes , 2017 .

[7]  Soon-Ki Kwon,et al.  Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence from Azasiline Based Intramolecular Charge-Transfer Emitter (DTPDDA) and a Highly Efficient Blue Light Emitting Diode , 2015 .

[8]  S. Yamazaki,et al.  Highly efficient long-life blue fluorescent organic light-emitting diode exhibiting triplet–triplet annihilation effects enhanced by a novel hole-transporting material , 2014 .

[9]  D. Kondakov.  Role of triplet‐triplet annihilation in highly efficient fluorescent devices , 2009 .

[10]  J. Ulański,et al.  High-triplet-level phthalimide based acceptors for exciplexes with multicolor emission , 2019, Dyes and Pigments.

[11]  Takahiro Higuchi,et al.  High-efficiency organic light-emitting diodes with fluorescent emitters , 2014, Nature Communications.

[12]  Jun Yeob Lee,et al.  Molecular design of deep blue fluorescent emitters with 20% external quantum efficiency and narrow emission spectrum , 2016 .

[13]  Yuguang Ma,et al.  A Twisting Donor‐Acceptor Molecule with an Intercrossed Excited State for Highly Efficient, Deep‐Blue Electroluminescence , 2012 .

[14]  Stephen R Forrest,et al.  Tenfold increase in the lifetime of blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes , 2014, Nature Communications.

[15]  Anirban Mondal,et al.  Unicolored phosphor-sensitized fluorescence for efficient and stable blue OLEDs , 2018, Nature Communications.

[16]  Jiu-Haw Lee,et al.  Exciplex-Sensitized Triplet-Triplet Annihilation in Heterojunction Organic Thin-Film. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[17]  S. Jeon,et al.  Phenylcarbazole‐Based Phosphine Oxide Host Materials For High Efficiency In Deep Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes , 2009 .

[18]  Chunmiao Han,et al.  A Phosphanthrene Oxide Host with Close Sphere Packing for Ultralow‐Voltage‐Driven Efficient Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Diodes , 2017, Advanced materials.

[19]  Jiuyan Li,et al.  Efficient Deep-Blue Electrofluorescence with an External Quantum Efficiency Beyond 10% , 2018, iScience.

[20]  C. Adachi,et al.  Efficient blue organic light-emitting diodes employing thermally activated delayed fluorescence , 2014, Nature Photonics.

[21]  Junji Kido,et al.  Low‐Driving‐Voltage Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Devices with External Quantum Efficiency of 30% , 2014, Advanced materials.

[22]  Wei Huang,et al.  Multiphosphine‐Oxide Hosts for Ultralow‐Voltage‐Driven True‐Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Diodes with External Quantum Efficiency beyond 20% , 2016, Advanced materials.

[23]  Jiu-Haw Lee,et al.  Construction of Highly Efficient Carbazol-9-yl-Substituted Benzimidazole Bipolar Hosts for Blue Phosphorescent Light-Emitting Diodes: Isomer and Device Performance Relationships. , 2018, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[24]  Chun‐Sing Lee,et al.  Blue-emitting organic electrofluorescence materials: progress and prospective , 2015 .

[25]  C. Adachi,et al.  Efficient and stable sky-blue delayed fluorescence organic light-emitting diodes with CIEy below 0.4 , 2018, Nature Communications.

[26]  Brian D'Andrade,et al.  Intrinsic luminance loss in phosphorescent small-molecule organic light emitting devices due to bimolecular annihilation reactions , 2008 .

[27]  Shin-Tson Wu,et al.  Liquid crystal display and organic light-emitting diode display: present status and future perspectives , 2017, Light: Science & Applications.

[28]  Stephen R. Forrest,et al.  Blue organic electrophosphorescence using exothermic host–guest energy transfer , 2003 .

[29]  S. Forrest,et al.  Reliable, All-Phosphorescent Stacked White Organic Light Emitting Devices with a High Color Rendering Index , 2017 .

[30]  S. Jeon,et al.  External Quantum Efficiency Above 20% in Deep Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes , 2011, Advanced materials.

[31]  Satoshi Seo,et al.  52‐4: Achievement of Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diode with High Efficiency, Low Driving Voltage, and Long Lifetime by Exciplex—Triplet Energy Transfer Technology , 2016 .

[32]  Tyler B Fleetham,et al.  Tetradentate Pt(II) Complexes with 6-Membered Chelate Rings: A New Route for Stable and Efficient Blue Organic Light Emitting Diodes , 2016 .

[33]  T. Chao,et al.  P-204L: Late-News Poster: Highly Efficient, Long-Lifetime and Deep-Blue Emissive Materials for OLED Display and Lighting Applications , 2016 .

[34]  D. Kondakov.  Characterization of triplet-triplet annihilation in organic light-emitting diodes based on anthracene derivatives , 2007 .

[35]  Hao‐Wu Lin,et al.  A thermally activated delayed blue fluorescent emitter with reversible externally tunable emission , 2016 .

[36]  Junji Kido,et al.  Highly Efficient Organic Blue‐and White‐Light‐Emitting Devices Having a Carrier‐ and Exciton‐Confining Structure for Reduced Efficiency Roll‐Off , 2008 .

[37]  Sora Park,et al.  Efficient deep blue fluorescent emitter showing high external quantum efficiency , 2015 .

[38]  Molecular engineering of donor moiety of donor–acceptor structure for management of photophysical properties and device performances , 2016 .

[39]  K. Yoshihara,et al.  Role of hot molecules formed by internal conversion in UV single-photon and multiphoton chemistry , 1989 .

[40]  N. Cho,et al.  New Host Material for High‐Performance Blue Phosphorescent Organic Electroluminescent Devices , 2012, Advanced materials.

[41]  Chunhui Huang,et al.  Deep Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with CIEy Value of 0.11 and External Quantum Efficiency up to 22.5% , 2018, Advanced materials.

[42]  P. Lu,et al.  Efficient Nondoped Blue Fluorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) with a High External Quantum Efficiency of 9.4% @ 1000 cd m−2 Based on Phenanthroimidazole−Anthracene Derivative , 2018 .

[43]  High efficiency blue fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes using a conventional blue fluorescent emitter , 2015 .

[44]  Tadashi Kusumoto,et al.  Highly efficient blue electroluminescence from a distyrylarylene emitting layer with a new dopant , 1995 .

[45]  Jun Yeob Lee,et al.  Ideal Molecular Design of Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Emitter for High Efficiency, Small Singlet-Triplet Energy Splitting, Low Efficiency Roll-Off, and Long Lifetime. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[46]  Young Hoon Son,et al.  Efficient blue phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes with host engineering , 2015 .

[47]  Novel Blue Exciplex Comprising Acridine and Sulfone Derivatives as a Host Material for High-efficiency Blue Phosphorescent OLEDs , 2016 .

[48]  Jang‐Joo Kim,et al.  Origin and Control of Orientation of Phosphorescent and TADF Dyes for High‐Efficiency OLEDs , 2018, Advanced materials.

[49]  Isomeric N‐Linked Benzoimidazole Containing New Electron Acceptors for Exciplex Forming Hosts in Highly Efficient Blue Phosphorescent OLEDs , 2017 .

[50]  Jang Hyuk Kwon,et al.  Controlling the exciton lifetime of blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters using a heteroatom-containing pyridoindole donor moiety , 2017 .

[51]  C. Adachi,et al.  Blue organic light-emitting diodes realizing external quantum efficiency over 25% using thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[52]  Jang‐Joo Kim,et al.  High‐Efficiency Sky Blue to Ultradeep Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Diodes Based on Ortho‐Carbazole‐Appended Triarylboron Emitters: Above 32% External Quantum Efficiency in Blue Devices , 2018, Advanced Optical Materials.

[53]  Michael S. Weaver,et al.  15-2: Invited Paper: Status and Opportunities for Phosphorescent OLED Lighting , 2017 .

[54]  Jun Yeob Lee,et al.  Correlation of the molecular structure of host materials with lifetime and efficiency of blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes. , 2015, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[56]  Pei-Yun Huang,et al.  A New Molecular Design Based on Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence for Highly Efficient Organic Light Emitting Diodes. , 2016, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[57]  Ken‐Tsung Wong,et al.  Exciplex: An Intermolecular Charge-Transfer Approach for TADF. , 2018, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[58]  Yuguang Ma,et al.  Achieving a Significantly Increased Efficiency in Nondoped Pure Blue Fluorescent OLED: A Quasi‐Equivalent Hybridized Excited State , 2015 .

[59]  Tyler B Fleetham,et al.  Efficient “Pure” Blue OLEDs Employing Tetradentate Pt Complexes with a Narrow Spectral Bandwidth , 2014, Advanced materials.

[60]  Jun Yeob Lee,et al.  Organic Materials for Deep Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes , 2012, Advanced materials.

[61]  Jiu-Haw Lee,et al.  Exciton dynamics in heterojunction thin-film devices based on exciplex-sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation. , 2018, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[62]  Yuguang Ma,et al.  A Hybridized Local and Charge‐Transfer Excited State for Highly Efficient Fluorescent OLEDs: Molecular Design, Spectral Character, and Full Exciton Utilization , 2014 .

[63]  J. Gražulevičius,et al.  Derivative of oxygafluorene and di-tert-butyl carbazole as the host with very high hole mobility for high-efficiency blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes , 2016 .

[64]  Seok-Ho Hwang,et al.  Stable Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with Three Times Longer Lifetime than Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes , 2015, Advanced materials.

[65]  Ken‐Tsung Wong,et al.  Cyanopyrimidine-Carbazole Hybrid Host Materials for High-Efficiency and Low-Efficiency Roll-Off TADF OLEDs. , 2018, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[66]  C. Chen,et al.  Recent development of blue fluorescent OLED materials and devices , 2005, Journal of Display Technology.

[67]  Hao‐Wu Lin,et al.  Correction: Superior upconversion fluorescence dopants for highly efficient deep-blue electroluminescent devices , 2016, Chemical science.

[68]  Jiu-Haw Lee,et al.  High-Efficiency Fluorescent Blue Organic Light-Emitting Device with Balanced Carrier Transport , 2007 .

[69]  C. Tang,et al.  Organic Electroluminescent Diodes , 1987 .

[70]  Ken-Tsung Wong,et al.  Sky‐Blue Organic Light Emitting Diode with 37% External Quantum Efficiency Using Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence from Spiroacridine‐Triazine Hybrid , 2016, Advanced materials.

[71]  Dawei Di,et al.  Efficient Triplet Exciton Fusion in Molecularly Doped Polymer Light‐Emitting Diodes , 2017, Advanced materials.

[72]  Qisheng Zhang,et al.  Luminous butterflies: efficient exciton harvesting by benzophenone derivatives for full-color delayed fluorescence OLEDs. , 2014, Angewandte Chemie.

[73]  Yong Joo Cho,et al.  The design of dual emitting cores for green thermally activated delayed fluorescent materials. , 2015, Angewandte Chemie.

[74]  M. Cho,et al.  Chromenopyrazole-Based Bipolar Blue Host Materials for Highly Efficient Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Organic Light-Emitting Diodes , 2018, Chemistry of Materials.

[75]  Chang-Ki Moon,et al.  Sky‐Blue Phosphorescent OLEDs with 34.1% External Quantum Efficiency Using a Low Refractive Index Electron Transporting Layer , 2016, Advanced materials.

[76]  Yong Joo Cho,et al.  Modified N,N'-dicarbazolyl-3,5-benzene as a high triplet energy host material for deep-blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes. , 2011, Chemistry.

[77]  Pei-Yun Huang,et al.  New Molecular Design Concurrently Providing Superior Pure Blue, Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence and Optical Out-Coupling Efficiencies. , 2017, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[78]  P. Chou,et al.  Probe exciplex structure of highly efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence organic light emitting diodes , 2018, Nature Communications.

[79]  C. Adachi,et al.  Design of efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials for pure blue organic light emitting diodes. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[80]  Wook Song,et al.  High triplet energy exciplex hosts for deep blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes , 2017 .

[81]  Stephen R Forrest,et al.  Deep blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes with very high brightness and efficiency. , 2016, Nature materials.

[82]  Caroline Murawski,et al.  Efficiency Roll‐Off in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes , 2013, Advanced materials.

[83]  Yun Chi,et al.  Bis‐Tridentate Ir(III) Metal Phosphors for Efficient Deep‐Blue Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes , 2017, Advanced materials.

[84]  Shintaro Nomura,et al.  Ultrapure Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Molecules: Efficient HOMO–LUMO Separation by the Multiple Resonance Effect , 2016, Advanced materials.

[85]  Jiuyan Li,et al.  Universal Host Materials for High-Efficiency Phosphorescent and Delayed-Fluorescence OLEDs. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[86]  A. Slawin,et al.  High‐Efficiency Deep‐Blue‐Emitting Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Iridium(III) Carbene Complexes , 2018, Advanced materials.

[87]  Hyoung-Yun Oh,et al.  13‐1: Invited Paper: Advances in Deep Blue Emitters for Highly Efficient and Long Lifetime Organic Light Emitting Diodes , 2018 .

[88]  Jang‐Joo Kim,et al.  Crystal Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with Perfectly Oriented Non‐Doped Pt‐Based Emitting Layer , 2016, Advanced materials.

[89]  F. So,et al.  Efficiency Roll‐Off in Blue Emitting Phosphorescent Organic Light Emitting Diodes with Carbazole Host Materials , 2016 .

[90]  H. Meng,et al.  Versatile functionalization of trifluoromethyl based deep blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials for organic light emitting diodes , 2018 .

[91]  Junji Kido,et al.  Manipulating the Electronic Excited State Energies of Pyrimidine-Based Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters To Realize Efficient Deep-Blue Emission. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[92]  Ho‐Hsiu Chou,et al.  Efficient delayed fluorescence via triplet-triplet annihilation for deep-blue electroluminescence. , 2014, Chemical communications.

[93]  J. Kido,et al.  Bisanthracene‐Based Donor–Acceptor‐type Light‐Emitting Dopants: Highly Efficient Deep‐Blue Emission in Organic Light‐Emitting Devices , 2014 .

[94]  P. Chou,et al.  Bis‐Tridentate Ir(III) Complexes with Nearly Unitary RGB Phosphorescence and Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with External Quantum Efficiency Exceeding 31% , 2016, Advanced materials.

[95]  Seok-Ho Hwang,et al.  Correlation of Molecular Structure with Photophysical Properties and Device Performances of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Emitters , 2016 .

[96]  Yanwei Liu,et al.  Experimental Evidence for “Hot Exciton” Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters , 2018, Advanced Optical Materials.

[97]  J. Qu,et al.  Near‐Infrared Emitting Materials via Harvesting Triplet Excitons: Molecular Design, Properties, and Application in Organic Light Emitting Diodes , 2018, Advanced Optical Materials.

[98]  Cheuk‐Lam Ho,et al.  Small-molecular blue phosphorescent dyes for organic light-emitting devices , 2013 .

[99]  Yong Joo Cho,et al.  Electroplex as a New Concept of Universal Host for Improved Efficiency and Lifetime in Red, Yellow, Green, and Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes , 2017, Advanced science.

[100]  Wook Song,et al.  Degradation Mechanism and Lifetime Improvement Strategy for Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes , 2017 .

[101]  Robin J. White,et al.  High-Power-Efficiency Blue Electrophosphorescence Enabled by the Synergistic Combination of Phosphine-Oxide-Based Host and Electron-Transporting Materials , 2014 .

[102]  Jun Yeob Lee,et al.  Deep blue thermally activated delayed fluorescent emitters using CN-modified indolocarbazole as an acceptor and carbazole-derived donors , 2018 .

[103]  F. So,et al.  High-Efficiency Blue Emitting Phosphorescent OLEDs , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices.

[104]  T. Baumann,et al.  45‐3: Invited Paper:Summary for: Recent Progress in Highly Efficient Blue TADF Emitter Materials for OLEDs , 2017 .

[105]  S. Juršėnas,et al.  Impact of Donor Substitution Pattern on the TADF Properties in the Carbazolyl-Substituted Triazine Derivatives , 2017 .

[106]  Ling Hong,et al.  Small‐Molecule Emitters with High Quantum Efficiency: Mechanisms, Structures, and Applications in OLED Devices , 2018, Advanced Optical Materials.

[107]  T. Chao,et al.  P‐159: Electron Transporting Materials for Highly Efficient and Long Lifetime Blue OLED Devices for Display and Lighting Applications , 2016 .

[108]  Yun‐Hi Kim,et al.  Dimethylsilyl-linked anthracene–pyrene dimers and their efficient triplet–triplet annihilation in organic light emitting diodes , 2017 .

[109]  Ji Han Kim,et al.  Recent Progress in High‐Efficiency Blue‐Light‐Emitting Materials for Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes , 2017 .

[110]  Jiu-Haw Lee,et al.  Efficient Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion in an Electroluminescence Device with a Fluorescent Sensitizer and a Triplet‐Diffusion Singlet‐Blocking Layer , 2018, Advanced materials.

[111]  Y. Takahashi,et al.  Highly efficient fluorescent blue materials and their applications for top‐emission OLEDs , 2018 .

[112]  S. Vaidyanathan,et al.  Recent development of phenanthroimidazole-based fluorophores for blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs): an overview , 2018 .

[113]  Zhen Li,et al.  Rational Molecular Design for Efficient Exciton Harvesting, and Deep‐Blue OLED Application , 2018 .

[114]  Jang‐Joo Kim,et al.  Deep-blue phosphorescence from perfluoro carbonyl-substituted iridium complexes. , 2013, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[115]  Cheuk‐Lam Ho,et al.  Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Carbene Phosphors for Highly Efficient Blue Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[116]  Wai-Yeung Wong,et al.  Functionalization of phosphorescent emitters and their host materials by main-group elements for phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices. , 2015, Chemical Society reviews.

[117]  J. Gražulevičius,et al.  Deep-Blue High-Efficiency TTA OLED Using Para- and Meta-Conjugated Cyanotriphenylbenzene and Carbazole Derivatives as Emitter and Host. , 2017, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[118]  Jun Yeob Lee,et al.  Molecular Design of Blue Phosphorescent Host Materials for Phenylimidazole‐Type Blue Triplet Emitters to Extend Operational Lifetime , 2018 .

[119]  F. Guo,et al.  Highly efficient blue organic light-emitting diodes from pyrimidine-based thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters , 2018 .

[120]  Engineering the excited-state properties of purely organic intramolecular and intermolecular charge transfer emitters towards high-performance fluorescent OLEDs , 2017 .

[121]  Lixin Xiao,et al.  A combinational molecular design to achieve highly efficient deep-blue electrofluorescence , 2018 .

[122]  P. Chou,et al.  Anomalously Long-Lasting Blue PhOLED Featuring Phenyl-Pyrimidine Cyclometalated Iridium Emitter , 2017 .

[123]  Shi-jian Su,et al.  Marching Toward Highly Efficient, Pure‐Blue, and Stable Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes , 2018, Advanced Functional Materials.

[124]  Tyler B Fleetham,et al.  Stable and efficient sky-blue organic light emitting diodes employing a tetradentate platinum complex , 2017 .

[125]  Highly efficient and color tunable thermally activated delayed fluorescent emitters using a "twin emitter" molecular design. , 2016, Chemical communications.

[126]  J. Gražulevičius,et al.  Polymorphism of derivatives of tert-butyl substituted acridan and perfluorobiphenyl as sky-blue OLED emitters exhibiting aggregation induced thermally activated delayed fluorescence , 2018 .

[127]  S. Forrest,et al.  Hot excited state management for long-lived blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes , 2017, Nature Communications.

[128]  C. Adachi,et al.  Highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes by delayed fluorescence , 2013 .

[129]  Sung‐Ho Jin,et al.  High Efficiency Deep‐Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with CIE x, y (≤ 0.15) and Low Efficiency Roll‐Off by Employing a High Triplet Energy Bipolar Host Material , 2018, Advanced Functional Materials.

[130]  Seok-Ho Hwang,et al.  Design Strategy for 25% External Quantum Efficiency in Green and Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Devices , 2015, Advanced materials.

[131]  W. Wong,et al.  Bipolar hosts and non-doped deep-blue emitters (CIEy = 0.04) based on phenylcarbazole and 2-(2-phenyl-2H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyridine groups , 2017 .

[132]  S. Jeon,et al.  High‐Efficiency Deep‐Blue‐Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes Using a Phosphine Oxide and a Phosphine Sulfide High‐Triplet‐Energy Host Material with Bipolar Charge‐Transport Properties , 2010, Advanced materials.