Addressing the causes of large‐scale circulation error in the Met Office Unified Model

[1]  B. Brown,et al.  Object-Based Verification of Precipitation Forecasts. Part I: Methodology and Application to Mesoscale Rain Areas , 2006 .

[2]  Brian J. Hoskins,et al.  Variability of the North Atlantic eddy‐driven jet stream , 2010 .

[3]  M. Diamantakis,et al.  An inherently mass‐conserving semi‐implicit semi‐Lagrangian discretization of the deep‐atmosphere global non‐hydrostatic equations , 2014 .

[4]  R. Caballero,et al.  The impact of changes in parameterizations of surface drag and vertical diffusion on the large-scale circulation in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5) , 2017, Climate Dynamics.

[5]  T. Shepherd,et al.  Climate model biases in jet streams, blocking and storm tracks resulting from missing orographic drag , 2016 .

[6]  A. Beljaars,et al.  What can we learn about orographic drag parametrisation from high‐resolution models? A case study over the Rocky Mountains , 2020, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society.

[7]  A. Zadra,et al.  Uncertainty in the Representation of Orography in Weather and Climate Models and Implications for Parameterized Drag , 2019, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems.

[8]  P. Earnshaw,et al.  The Met Office Unified Model Global Atmosphere 7.0/7.1 and JULES Global Land 7.0 configurations , 2011, Geoscientific Model Development.

[9]  T. Shepherd,et al.  Impacts of orography on large-scale atmospheric circulation , 2019, npj Climate and Atmospheric Science.

[10]  Stuart Webster,et al.  Improvements to the representation of orography in the Met Office Unified Model , 2003 .

[11]  François Lott,et al.  A new subgrid‐scale orographic drag parametrization: Its formulation and testing , 1997 .

[12]  D. N. Walters,et al.  The Met Office Global Coupled model 2.0 (GC2) configuration , 2015 .

[13]  Mountain waves and wakes generated by South Georgia: implications for drag parametrization , 2014 .

[14]  D. N. Walters,et al.  Upgrades to the Boundary-Layer Scheme in the Met Office Numerical Weather Prediction Model , 2008 .

[15]  Brian Golding,et al.  Unified Modeling and Prediction of Weather and Climate: A 25-Year Journey , 2012 .

[16]  T. Shepherd,et al.  The modulation of stationary waves, and their response to climate change, by parameterized orographic drag , 2017 .

[17]  Laura Ferranti,et al.  Flow‐dependent verification of the ECMWF ensemble over the Euro‐Atlantic sector , 2015 .

[18]  C. J. Morcrette,et al.  Finding plausible and diverse variants of a climate model. Part 1: establishing the relationship between errors at weather and climate time scales , 2019, Climate Dynamics.

[19]  J. Thepaut,et al.  The ERA‐Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system , 2011 .

[20]  R. Betts,et al.  Plant functional type classification for earth system models: results from the European Space Agency's Land Cover Climate Change Initiative , 2015 .

[21]  S. Hardiman,et al.  Multi‐model analysis of Northern Hemisphere winter blocking: Model biases and the role of resolution , 2013 .

[22]  Michael F. Wehner,et al.  The resolution sensitivity of Northern Hemisphere blocking in four 25-km atmospheric global circulation models. , 2017 .

[23]  Limin Yang,et al.  Development of a global land cover characteristics database and IGBP DISCover from 1 km AVHRR data , 2000 .

[24]  T. Shepherd,et al.  Missing orographic drag leads to climate model biases in jet streams, blocking and storm tracks , 2016 .

[25]  A. Lock.  The Numerical Representation of Entrainment in Parameterizations of Boundary Layer Turbulent Mixing , 2001 .

[26]  A. Beljaars,et al.  A new parametrization of turbulent orographic form drag , 2004 .

[27]  G. Martin,et al.  A New Boundary Layer Mixing Scheme. Part I: Scheme Description and Single-Column Model Tests , 2000 .

[28]  T. Shepherd,et al.  Sensitivity of resolved and parameterized surface drag to changes in resolution and parameterization , 2016 .

[29]  A. Staniforth,et al.  A new dynamical core for the Met Office's global and regional modelling of the atmosphere , 2005 .

[30]  Tim N. Palmer,et al.  Using numerical weather prediction to assess climate models , 2007 .

[31]  N. Wood,et al.  The Pressure force induced by neutral, turbulent flow over hills , 1993 .

[32]  Richard Essery,et al.  Explicit representation of subgrid heterogeneity in a GCM land surface scheme , 2003 .

[33]  P. Cox,et al.  The Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), model description – Part 1: Energy and water fluxes , 2011 .

[34]  I. Sandu,et al.  The Circulation Response to Resolved Versus Parametrized Orographic Drag Over Complex Mountain Terrains , 2018, Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems.