A Survey of Economic Theories and Field Evidence on Pro-Social Behavior

In recent years, a large number of economic theories have evolved to explain people’s pro-social behavior and the variation in their respective behavior. This paper surveys economic theories on pro-social behavior and presents evidence — mainly from the field — testing these theories. In addition, the survey emphasizes that institutional environment might significantly interact with pro-social preferences and explain some of the variation in observed pro-social behavior.

[1]  Michael Lynn,et al.  The norm of restaurant tipping , 2003 .

[2]  B. Frey,et al.  Motivation Crowding Theory: A Survey of Empirical Evidence , 2000 .

[3]  G. Rassool Prosocial behaviour , 2016, Islamic Psychology.

[4]  J. Andreoni Warm-Glow versus Cold-Prickle: The Effects of Positive and Negative Framing on Cooperation in Experiments , 1995 .

[5]  Matthias Benz The Relevance of Procedural Utility for Economics , 2005 .

[6]  Louis Putterman,et al.  Do Non-Strategic Sanctions Obey the Law of Demand? The Demand for Punishment in the Voluntary Contribution Mechanism , 2003, Games Econ. Behav..

[7]  Jeffrey P. Carpenter,et al.  The Demand for Punishment , 2007 .

[8]  George Ainslie,et al.  Choice and Consequence: Perspectives of an Errant Economist.Thomas C. Schelling , 1986 .

[9]  Vai-Lam Mui,et al.  The Economics of Envy , 1995 .

[10]  Magnus Johannesson,et al.  Non-reciprocal altruism in dictator games , 2000 .

[11]  Robert J. MacCulloch Happiness and Economics: How the Economy and Institutions Affect Well‐being. Bruno Frey and Alois Stutzer. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. ISBN: 0‐691‐06998‐0, 200 pp. Price: $24.95/£17.95 (paperback) , 2003 .

[12]  R. Eisenberger,et al.  Detrimental effects of reward. Reality or myth? , 1996, The American psychologist.

[13]  Armin Falk,et al.  Charitable Giving as a Gift Exchange Evidence from a Field Experiment , 2003, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[14]  V. Smith,et al.  Social distance and other-regarding behavior in dictator games , 2000 .

[15]  D. Ariely,et al.  Effort for Payment , 2004, Psychological science.

[16]  Adriaan R. Soetevent,et al.  Anonymity in giving in a natural context: an economic field experiment in thirty churches , 2003 .

[17]  Robyn M. Dawes,et al.  Behavior, communication, and assumptions about other people's behavior in a commons dilemma situation. , 1977 .

[18]  Martin Dufwenberg,et al.  A theory of sequential reciprocity , 2004, Games Econ. Behav..

[19]  I. Bohnet,et al.  Deciding to Distrust , 2005 .

[20]  Federico Varese,et al.  THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING ASKED , 2000 .

[21]  M. Lepper,et al.  Understanding the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation--uses and abuses of meta-analysis: comment on Deci, Koestner, and Ryan (1999) , 1999, Psychological bulletin.

[22]  Russell D. Roberts,et al.  A Positive Model of Private Charity and Public Transfers , 1984, Journal of Political Economy.

[23]  A. Moeller,et al.  Economics of Philanthropy , 1898, The Hospital.

[24]  Brian Duncan,et al.  Modeling charitable contributions of time and money , 1999 .

[25]  A. Isen,et al.  Effects of success and failure on children's generosity. , 1973 .

[26]  R. Zeckhauser,et al.  More Order with Less Law: On Contract Enforcement, Trust, and Crowding , 2001, American Political Science Review.

[27]  R. Cialdini Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion , 1993 .

[28]  William T. Harbaugh The Prestige Motive for Making Charitable Transfers , 1998 .

[29]  Julio J. Rotemberg,et al.  Human Relations in the Workplace , 1994, Journal of Political Economy.

[30]  Eleanor Brown,et al.  Gifts of money and gifts of time estimating the effects of tax prices and available time , 1992 .

[31]  Roberto A. Weber,et al.  Exploiting Moral Wriggle Room: Behavior Inconsistent with a Preference for Fair Outcomes , 2004 .

[32]  R. Trivers The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism , 1971, The Quarterly Review of Biology.

[33]  Christina Fong,et al.  Social preferences, self-interest, and the demand for redistribution , 2001 .

[34]  B. Frey,et al.  Taxation and Conditional Cooperation , 2004 .

[35]  J. Morgan,et al.  Cheap Talk , 2005 .

[36]  S. M. Arnsten Intrinsic motivation. , 1990, The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association.

[37]  J. Andreoni Privately provided public goods in a large economy: The limits of altruism , 1988 .

[38]  Ernst Fehr,et al.  Reciprocity as a Contract Enforcement Device , 2001 .

[39]  J. Tirole,et al.  Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation , 2003 .

[40]  Stephan Meier,et al.  Do Subsidies Increase Charitable Giving in the Long Run? Matching Donations in a Field Experiment , 2006 .

[41]  R. Sugden Economics of Philanthropy , 1898, The Hospital.

[42]  K. Gorey,et al.  The Beneficial Effects of Volunteering for Older Volunteers and the People They Serve: A Meta-Analysis , 1998, International journal of aging & human development.

[43]  L. Shabman,et al.  A Critique of the Self-Interested Voter Model: The Case of a Local Single Issue Referendum , 1994 .

[44]  Dianne Gilbert Not in My Backyard , 1993 .

[45]  Charles T. Clotfelter,et al.  Charitable Giving, Income, and Taxes: An Analysis of Panel Data , 2002 .

[46]  D. Prelec,et al.  Self-signaling and diagnostic utility in everyday decision making1 , 2005 .

[47]  D. Mueller Public Choice III: What have we learned? , 1979 .

[48]  Todd L. Cherry,et al.  Hardnose the Dictator , 2002 .

[49]  Catherine C. Eckel,et al.  Altruism in Anonymous Dictator Games , 1996 .

[50]  Stephan Meier,et al.  Does Framing Matter for Conditional Cooperation? Evidence from a Natural Field Experiment , 2005 .

[51]  E. Deci,et al.  A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. , 1999, Psychological bulletin.

[52]  Richard Cookson,et al.  Framing Effects in Public Goods Experiments , 2000 .

[53]  George Loewenstein,et al.  Helping a Victim or Helping the Victim: Altruism and Identifiability , 2003 .

[54]  B. Frey Not Just for the Money: An Economic Theory of Personal Motivation , 1998 .

[55]  B. Bernheim,et al.  A Theory of Conformity , 1994, Journal of Political Economy.

[56]  Thomas Gilovich,et al.  Does Studying Economics Inhibit Cooperation , 1993 .

[57]  Richard Cookson,et al.  Framing Effects in Public Goods Experiments , 2000 .

[58]  Klaus M. Schmidt,et al.  A Theory of Fairness, Competition, and Cooperation , 1999 .

[59]  John H. Miller,et al.  NOTES AND COMMENTS GIVING ACCORDING TO GARP: AN EXPERIMENTAL TEST OF THE CONSISTENCY OF PREFERENCES FOR ALTRUISM , 2002 .

[60]  J. Andreoni,et al.  Which is the Fair Sex? Gender Differences in Altruism , 2001 .

[61]  P. Lange Confidence in expectations: A test of the triangle hypothesis , 1992 .

[62]  S. Blount When Social Outcomes Aren't Fair: The Effect of Causal Attributions on Preferences , 1995 .

[63]  G. Charness,et al.  Relative Payoffs and Happiness: An Experimental Study , 2001 .

[64]  G. Becker A Theory of Social Interactions , 1974 .

[65]  J. Rotter Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. , 1966, Psychological monographs.

[66]  Robert Eisenberger,et al.  Detrimental Effects of Reward , 2001 .

[67]  G. Loewenstein Emotions in Economic Theory and Economic Behavior , 2000 .

[68]  Lynette S. Unger,et al.  Altruism as a motivation to volunteer , 1991 .

[69]  Martin Strobel,et al.  Inequality Aversion, Efficiency, and Maximin Preferences in Simple Distribution Experiments , 2002 .

[70]  Gary Charness,et al.  Social preferences: Some simple tests and a new model , 2000 .

[71]  Armin Falk,et al.  A Theory of Reciprocity , 2001, Games Econ. Behav..

[72]  J. Ledyard Public Goods: A Survey of Experimental Research , 1994 .

[73]  George A. Akerlof Labor Contracts as Partial Gift Exchange , 1982 .

[74]  Serge-Christophe Kolm,et al.  The Theory of Reciprocity , 2000 .

[75]  Amihai Glazer,et al.  A Signaling Explanation for Charity , 1996 .

[76]  B. Frey Not Just for the Money , 1997 .

[77]  Serge-Christophe Kolm,et al.  Handbook of the Economics of Giving, Altruism and Reciprocity , 2006 .

[78]  J. Sobel Can We Trust Social Capital , 2002 .

[79]  Norman Miller,et al.  Ten years of research on the false-consensus effect: an empirical and theoretical review , 1987 .

[80]  B. Frey,et al.  The Cost of Price Incentives: An Empirical Analysis of Motivation Crowding-Out , 1997 .

[81]  George A. Akerlof,et al.  Economics and Identity , 2000 .

[82]  David Lucking-Reiley,et al.  The Effects of Seed Money and Refunds on Charitable Giving: Experimental Evidence from a University Capital Campaign , 2002, Journal of Political Economy.

[83]  S. H. Long Social pressure and contributions to health charities , 1976 .

[84]  Mark Wilkinson,et al.  Manipulating Attributions for Profit: A Field Test of the Effects of Attributions on Behavior , 1985 .

[85]  Sidney C. Sufrin,et al.  The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. , 1966 .

[86]  A. Alesina,et al.  Participation in Heterogeneous Communities , 1999 .

[87]  Peter H. Reingen Test of a list procedure for inducing compliance with a request to donate money. , 1982 .

[88]  K. Opp Collective Political Action , 2001 .

[89]  D. Rousseau Psychological contracts in organizations : understanding written and unwritten agreements , 1995 .

[90]  U. Fischbacher,et al.  Why Social Preferences Matter - the Impact of Non-Selfish Motives on Competition, Cooperation and Incentives , 2002 .

[91]  Tobias Heldt,et al.  Conditional cooperation in the field: Cross-country skiers' behavior in sweden , 2005 .

[92]  A. Stutzer,et al.  Is Volunteering Rewarding in Itself? Evidence from a Natural Experiment , 2004 .

[93]  M. Lepper,et al.  The Hidden costs of reward : new perspectives on the psychology of human motivation , 1978 .

[94]  Gary E. Bolton,et al.  ERC: A Theory of Equity, Reciprocity, and Competition , 2000 .

[95]  B. Frey,et al.  Motivation Crowding Theory: A Survey of Empirical Evidence , 2000, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[96]  Richard M. Titmuss,et al.  The gift relationship , 1970 .

[97]  Federico Varese,et al.  Altruism:The Importance of Being Asked. The Rescue of Jews in Nazi Europe , 1998 .

[98]  A. Rustichini,et al.  A Fine is a Price , 2000, The Journal of Legal Studies.

[99]  U. Fischbacher,et al.  Are People Conditionally Cooperative? Evidence from a Public Goods Experiment , 2001 .

[100]  E. Fehr A Theory of Fairness, Competition and Cooperation , 1998 .

[101]  J. Andreoni IMPURE ALTRUISM AND DONATIONS TO PUBLIC GOODS: A THEORY OF WARM-GLOW GIVING* , 1990 .

[102]  Colin Camerer,et al.  In search of homo economicus: Experiments in 15 small-scale societies , 2001 .

[103]  S. Gächter Behavioral Game Theory , 2008, Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science.

[104]  E. Fehr,et al.  The Hidden Costs and Returns of Incentives - Trust and Trustworthiness Among CEOS , 2004 .

[105]  Kjetil Telle,et al.  The impact of social approval and framing on cooperation in public good situations , 2004 .

[106]  A. Alesina,et al.  Inequality and Happiness: Are Europeans and Americans Different? , 2001 .

[107]  L. Ross,et al.  The “false consensus effect”: An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes , 1977 .

[108]  L. Salamon,et al.  Volunteering in cross-national perspective: initial comparisons , 1999 .

[109]  V. Smith,et al.  The private provision of public goods: Altruism and voluntary giving , 1995 .

[110]  Herbert Gintis,et al.  Reciprocity and the Welfare State , 2004 .

[111]  D. Kahneman,et al.  Well-being : the foundations of hedonic psychology , 1999 .

[112]  J. Keith Murnighan,et al.  Player Types and Self-Impression Management in Dictatorship Games: Two Experiments , 2001, Games Econ. Behav..

[113]  R. Freeman Working for Nothing: The Supply of Volunteer Labor , 1996, Journal of Labor Economics.

[114]  M. Rabin,et al.  Understanding Social Preference with Simple Tests , 2001 .

[115]  M. Rabin Published by: American , 2022 .

[116]  David F. Sally Conversation and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas , 1995 .

[117]  G. Brady Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action , 1993 .

[118]  Michael E. Enzle,et al.  Surveillant intentions and intrinsic motivation. , 1993 .

[119]  James Andreoni,et al.  AN ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF CHARITABLE GIVING WITH INTERDEPENDENT PREFERENCES , 1998 .

[120]  B. Weisbrod,et al.  To Profit or Not to Profit: Interdependence of commercial and donative revenues , 1998 .

[121]  J. Schwarze,et al.  Are People Inequality Averse, and Do They Prefer Redistribution by the State? Evidence from German Longitudinal Data on Life Satisfaction , 2002, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[122]  Matthew L. Spitzer,et al.  Entitlements, Rights, and Fairness: An Experimental Examination of Subjects' Concepts of Distributive Justice , 1985, The Journal of Legal Studies.

[123]  Erzo F. P. Luttmer Group Loyalty and the Taste for Redistribution , 2001, Journal of Political Economy.

[124]  B. Frey,et al.  What Can Economists Learn from Happiness Research? , 2001, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[125]  E. E. Zajac,et al.  Institutional framing and perceptions of fairness , 1991 .

[126]  Joel Slemrod,et al.  Do Normative Appeals Affect Tax Compliance? Evidence from a Controlled Experiment in Minnesota , 2001, National Tax Journal.

[127]  A. Rustichini,et al.  Pay Enough or Don't Pay at All , 2000 .

[128]  Rachel T. A. Croson Theories of Commitment, Altruism and Reciprocity: Evidence from Linear Public Goods Games , 2007 .

[129]  M. Harris,et al.  Mood and helping. , 1975, The Journal of psychology.

[130]  B. Frey,et al.  Social Comparisons and Pro-social Behavior: Testing "Conditional Cooperation" in a Field Experiment , 2004 .

[131]  John Wilson,et al.  The Effects of Volunteering on the Volunteer , 1999 .

[132]  James Konow,et al.  Fair Shares: Accountability and Cognitive Dissonance in Allocation Decisions , 2000 .

[133]  M. Olson,et al.  The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. , 1973 .

[134]  Uri Gneezy,et al.  The W effect of incentives , 2003 .

[135]  V. Smith,et al.  Social Distance and Other-Regarding Behavior in Dictator Games: Reply , 1999 .

[136]  Thomas C. Schelling,et al.  The Life you Save May Be Your Own , 1968 .

[137]  R. Cialdini,et al.  13 – Effects of Mood on Prosocial Behavior in Children and Adults , 1982 .

[138]  D. Raphael,et al.  I: The Theory of Moral Sentiments , 1976 .

[139]  Michael Argyle,et al.  Causes and correlates of happiness. , 1999 .

[140]  R. Frank,et al.  Do Economists Make Bad Citizens , 1996 .

[141]  Adriaan R. Soetevent,et al.  Anonymity in Giving in a Natural Context : A Field Experiment in 30 Churches , 2005 .

[142]  James Konow,et al.  Which Is the Fairest One of All? A Positive Analysis of Justice Theories , 2003 .

[143]  G. Charness,et al.  The Road to Hell: An Experimental Study of Intentions , 2003 .

[144]  J. R. Carter,et al.  Are Economists Different, and If So, Why? , 1991 .

[145]  James Konow,et al.  The Hedonistic Paradox: Is Homo Economicus Happier? , 2007 .

[146]  H. Kelley,et al.  Social interaction basis of cooperators' and competitors' beliefs about others. , 1970 .

[147]  Kenneth J. Arrow,et al.  To profit or not to profit : the commercial transformation of the nonprofit sector , 1998 .

[148]  H. Tajfel Human Groups and Social Categories: Studies in Social Psychology , 1981 .

[149]  M. Wenzel MISPERCEPTIONS OF SOCIAL NORMS ABOUT TAX COMPLIANCE (2): A FIELD-EXPERIMENT , 2001 .

[150]  E. Fehr,et al.  Cooperation and Punishment in Public Goods Experiments , 1999, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[151]  James Andreoni,et al.  Do Government Grants to Private Charities Crowd Out Giving or Fund-raising? , 2003 .

[152]  Bruno S. Frey,et al.  Shirking or work morale?: The impact of regulating , 1993 .

[153]  Bruno S. Frey,et al.  A Constitution for Knaves Crowds Out Civic Virtues , 1997 .

[154]  A. Alesina,et al.  Inequality and Happiness: Are Europeans and Americans Different? , 2001 .

[155]  B. Frey,et al.  Are political economists selfish and indoctrinated? Evidence from a natural experiment , 2003 .

[156]  U. Fischbacher,et al.  Are People Conditionally Cooperative? Evidence from a Public Goods Experiment , 2001 .

[157]  S. Meier,et al.  The Impact of Group Membership on Cooperation and Norm Enforcement: Evidence Using Random Assignment to Real Social Groups , 2006, SSRN Electronic Journal.

[158]  Rachel Croson,et al.  Field experiments in charitable contribution: The impact of social influence on the voluntary provision of public goods , 2006 .