Travel and tourism: Into a complex network

It is discussed how the worldwide tourist arrivals, about 10% of the world’s domestic product, form a largely heterogeneous and directed complex network. Remarkably the random network of connectivity is converted into a scale-free network of intensities. The importance of weights on network connections is brought into discussion. It is also shown how strategic positioning particularly benefits from market diversity and that interactions among countries prevail on a technological and economic pattern, questioning the backbone of driving forces in traveling.

[1]  A. Barabasi,et al.  Evolution of the social network of scientific collaborations , 2001, cond-mat/0104162.

[2]  S. N. Dorogovtsev,et al.  Evolution of networks , 2001, cond-mat/0106144.

[3]  Stanley Milgram,et al.  An Experimental Study of the Small World Problem , 1969 .

[4]  S. N. Dorogovtsev,et al.  Critical phenomena in networks. , 2002, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[5]  Rodolfo Baggio,et al.  The web graph of a tourism system , 2006, physics/0606043.

[6]  Albert-László Barabási,et al.  Statistical mechanics of complex networks , 2001, ArXiv.

[7]  L. Freeman Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification , 1978 .

[8]  Hsin-Yu Shih,et al.  Network characteristics of drive tourism destinations: An application of network analysis in tourism , 2006 .

[9]  J. Hyman,et al.  Scaling laws for the movement of people between locations in a large city. , 2003, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[10]  Albert-László Barabási,et al.  Internet: Diameter of the World-Wide Web , 1999, Nature.

[11]  K. Kaski,et al.  Spectrum, Intensity and Coherence in Weighted Networks of a Financial Market , 2006 .

[12]  Ewen James. Michael,et al.  Micro-Clusters and Networks: The Growth of Tourism , 2006 .

[13]  Alessandro Vespignani,et al.  The Structure of Interurban Traffic: A Weighted Network Analysis , 2005, physics/0507106.

[14]  S. Redner,et al.  Connectivity of growing random networks. , 2000, Physical review letters.

[15]  Alessandro Vespignani,et al.  Weighted evolving networks: coupling topology and weight dynamics. , 2004, Physical review letters.

[16]  Sergey N. Dorogovtsev,et al.  Evolution of Networks: From Biological Nets to the Internet and WWW (Physics) , 2003 .

[17]  R. Guimerà,et al.  The worldwide air transportation network: Anomalous centrality, community structure, and cities' global roles , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[18]  Beom Jun Kim,et al.  Dynamic behaviors in directed networks. , 2006, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[19]  Mark E. J. Newman,et al.  The Structure and Function of Complex Networks , 2003, SIAM Rev..

[20]  Albert,et al.  Emergence of scaling in random networks , 1999, Science.

[21]  T. Geisel,et al.  The scaling laws of human travel , 2006, Nature.

[22]  Mark S. Granovetter The Strength of Weak Ties , 1973, American Journal of Sociology.

[23]  M. Newman,et al.  Mixing patterns in networks. , 2002, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[24]  Steven B. Andrews,et al.  Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition , 1995, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Research Design.

[25]  A. Vespignani,et al.  The architecture of complex weighted networks. , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[26]  S. Strogatz Exploring complex networks , 2001, Nature.

[27]  D. Garlaschelli,et al.  Emergence of Complexity in Financial Networks , 2004 .

[28]  S Redner,et al.  Degree distributions of growing networks. , 2001, Physical review letters.

[29]  Rodolfo Baggio,et al.  Complex Systems, Information Technologies, and Tourism: A Network Point of View , 2005, J. Inf. Technol. Tour..

[30]  G. G. Stokes "J." , 1890, The New Yale Book of Quotations.

[31]  小宮 勤一,et al.  University of Surrey , 1972, The Grants Register 2020.

[32]  John Scott What is social network analysis , 2010 .

[33]  D. Garlaschelli,et al.  The scale-free topology of market investments , 2003, cond-mat/0310503.

[34]  A. Barabasi,et al.  Lethality and centrality in protein networks , 2001, Nature.